Working Memory Is A Cognitive System That Maintains And Manipulates Task Relevant Information

People rely on incoming information and stored information to perform their everyday functions. However, humans have a natural capacity of how much information they can attain. We are unable to store all of our acquired information without different systems that organize our information. Working memory is one of these systems that temporarily holds and manages information for cognitive processing (119). Baddeley’s working memory model is made up of four components that allow for temporary information to be stored (109).

Working memory is a part of our executive functions, the functions that are involved with the planning and regulation of one’s behavior. Despite that during the first year of life working memory is developed, working memory can trained and enhanced throughout you life with experience. Julia Morales Castillo, from the Department of Experimental Psychology of the University of

In 1974 the researchers Baddeley and Hitch argued that the picture of short-term memory (STM) provided by the Multi-Store Model was far too simple. Following the Multi-Store Model, it is believed that STM holds limited amounts of information for short periods of time with relatively little processing, it is believed to be a unitary store. This means that due to its single store it has no subsystems, unlike the Working Memory Model which has many subsystems. This proves that the Working Memory is not a unitary store.

Atkinson’s and Shiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model was extremely successful in terms of the amount of research it generated. However, as a result of this research, it became apparent that there were a number of problems with their ideas concerning the characteristics of short-term memory. Building on this research, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) developed an alternative model of short-term memory which they called working memory. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) argued that the picture of short-term memory (STM) provided by the Multi-Store Model is far too simple. According to the Multi-Store Model, STM holds limited amounts of information for short periods of time with relatively little processing. It is

The participants will be given The Working Memory Test Battery for Children (WMTB-C) devised by Gathercole and Pickering (2001). This test consists of four tasks which include

The Evidence for the Existence of Multiple Memory Systems Memory forms an important part of cognitive psychology and has been of interest to numerous psychologists. This essay is going to refer specifically to the information-processing model of memory and will discuss the experimental evidence that exists for multiple memory systems. The multi-store model of memory was first developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) and Waugh and Norman (1965).[1] It comprises sensory stores, short term-store and long-term store to form a model of memory and information processing. One component of the system is the sensory register, where our feature detection and pattern recognition processes produce a

Working memory refers to one’s ability to complete immediate tasks through the use of short-term memory and precision to make actively conscious choices. This is especially important in one’s organizational ability, reasoning, and decision-making. Unfortunately, working memory is yet another function of your brain that only gets weaker as you age into your midlife years. If you’ve ever placed a soup can in the wrong cabinet drawer, or put on non-matching socks or shoes, then you know exactly what it feels like.

This essay will be discussing one particular cognitive process: the memory by evaluating two models, which are the Multi store model introduced by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968 and the Working memory model by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974.

This research proposal will be looking at the effects that neglect and abuse have on working memory. The research question being ‘How does Working Memory tasks differ in individuals who have been abused and neglected compared to individuals who have not been?’ To reiterate, victims of abuse and neglect face many

Loosli, Rahm, Unterrainer, Weiller, and Kaller (2013) conducted a study investigating life span development of item-specific proactive interference in individual’s working memory. Postle, Brush, and Nick (2004) found that proactive interference is previous important information in working memory (as cited in Loosli et al., 2013). Baddeley (1997) found that working memory is the power to maintain information for a short period of time and manipulate the information (as cited in Loosli et al., 2013). There are two types of proactive interference; the first one being item-nonspecific proactive interference. This type is when someone remembers information while performing another task that is no longer relevant to the current task they are performing.

(2010) and Melby-Lervag et al. (2012) both researched the effectiveness working memory training programs as treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other cognitive disorders in children which also helped improve cognitive abilities in developing children and healthy adults. The Buschkuehl article gave a more general overview of the studies’ procedures by providing a gist of the studies and whether or not they showed a significant improvement of intelligence through the use of working memory training programs . Both articles also took note of the issues with the lack of use of a consistent methodological criteria used to accurately measure the effectiveness cognitive performance training programs. The Melby-Lervag article was more specific in terms of providing more information on the theoretical issues on the capacity of training working memory, giving more examples on the variety of working memory programs available, provided more details in terms of its meta-analytic procedure, and discussed in more detail the effects of working memory training on verbal and visuospatial working memory and their long-term training

There are three different basic processes of memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Memory is the process by which we recollect prior experiences, information, and skills learned in the past. This lab focuses on altering the retrieval stage. The retrieval stage consists of returning and locating memory that is stored and bringing it to conscious thought. To be able to retrieve this information, one must know knowledge of proper procedures. There is certain information in our memory that is so familiar to us that it can be very difficult to forget. The method of retrieval depends on how a person encodes it from the start. (Rathus, 2010).

This essay addresses the working memory model which was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974 in Smith & Kosslyn, 2007) as a response to Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 in Smith, 2007) multi-store model. According to Baddely and Hitch the multi-store model failed to explain most of the complexities of the human memory and viewed it as being too simplistic. They argued that the short term memory store must have more components rather it being a single inflexible store as suggested previously by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). The working memory model is therefore an enhancement of the multi store model. According to Baddeley and Hitch working memory is a limited- capacity system that stores and processes information.

To assess the memory of the two groups, we can use two tasks. The first task is working memory which includes three practices one before the scanning by one day or more, the second before the scanning and the third practice within the scanning. The

Working memory can be defined as “the brief online storage and manipulation of stored information that receives executive functioning” (Papakostas et al. 2013) There are many inconsistent findings concerning the correlation of memory and depression. On this paper I will try to find what are the changes on working memory between young adults and their older counterparts. The hypothesis states that patients with Major depression have presented that memory dysfunction rises with time therefore showing the increasing impairment of working memory. For this paper I want to focus on how is it that working memory is affected by MDD,