Chapter 1: Cell Pathology
1-1
Which of the following accounts for differences in cells in a human body?
Differences in chromatin
Differences in chromosomes
Differential content of DNA
Differential expression of genes
1-2
Which of the following structures is not normally found in the cytoplasm of a resting cell?
DNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
1-3
Which of the following cytoplasmic organelles are not found in most all nucleated cells?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Myofilaments
1-4
Which of the following is the primary purpose of mitochondria?
Maintenance of cell shape
Modification of proteins
Production of energy
Replication of cellular structures
1
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Autocrine
Endocrine
Exocrine
Paracrine
1-11
Which of the following best accounts for cellular swelling during reversible cellular injury occurring by transient hypoxia?
The extra oxygen directly damages the plasma membrane, allowing in water
The extra oxygen overwhelms the Na+/K+ ATPase
The lack of oxygen results in decreased energy and shutdown of the Na+/K+ ATPase
The lack of oxygen directly destabilizes the plasma membrane, allowing in water
3
1-12
Which of the following is NOT associated with reversible cellular injury?
Cellular swelling
Decreased energy production
Increased autophagy
Increased protein synthesis Decreased protein synthesis NOT
"increased" pg. 8
1-13
A cell is subject to hypoxic conditions for 20 minutes, then observed under the microscope. The nucleus has become shrunken, with marked condensation of the chromatin. This nuclear change is best described as which of the following?
Autophagy
Karyolysis
Karyorrhexis
Pyknosis
1-14
Which of the following is NOT a key factor in determining if a cell will be reversibly or irreversibly damaged during hypoxia?
Cellular location
Cellular type
Degree of hypoxia
Hypoxia duration
1-15
Which of the following is most directly responsible for postperfusion injury to cells?
Formation of oxygen radicals
Hyperfunctioning of Na+/K+ ATPase
Overproduction of catalase
Shrinkage of cellular membranes
4
1-16
A new drug, Drug X, is
There are three types of environments in which cells are located which include isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic. In an isotonic environment, the amount of water and solute are the same both inside and outside of the cell. As water drifts into the a cell, the same amount flows out creating a balanced environment both inside and outside of the cell. When there is a high level of water on the outside of the cell and a high amount of solute inside the cell, water will be drawn inside of the cell creating a hypotonic solution. The increase in water inside the cell causes the cell to become engorged and erupt. In a
DB # 5 Explain how profits, piety, and politics affected American foreign policy in the late 19th century.
4. Identify the endocrine organ from which a slide is prepared when viewing the slide with a microscope.
There are 3 potential states that the cell could be in depending on the type of solution:
Cytoplasm – Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance within the cell and outside the nucleus. Chemical reactions are carried out in the cytoplasm.
Looking through a light microscope at a cell undergoing division, you see that the condensed
d. What happens to the appearance of the cell? It becomes faded with a faint green color.
16) If the S phase were eliminated from the cell cycle, the daughter cells would
In the adult, many of these differentiated cells cease to divide Others continue to divide (e.g. cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis) 5 LIFE CYCLE OF CELLS Cells that divide go through a series of phases: M-Phase when they are actually dividing, and interphase when they are not Cell division comes under a complex set of controls that are upset in cancer, which is uncontrolled cell division, often starting off with one cell with mutated DNA for a gene that regulates cell division Phases of Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase 6 CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIUM 1. STRUCTURALLY POLARIZED • • One end of cell/tissue is a free surface Opposite end of cell/tissue is anchored to underlying tissue (usually connective tissue) by the basement membrane 2. NON-VASCULAR • No direct blood supply 3. EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE TIGHTLY PACKED TOGETHER
cell will look just like any other 'normal' cell although this is far from the
E.) Joseph’s heart attack has caused the function of his cells to change. What types of proteins in the cell membrane were involved in the homeostatic imbalances of his heart cells?
The cell membrane in a
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of tonicity on a cell membrane using red blood cells, potato strips and three unknown solutions (A, B, C). First three slides were prepared containing RBC’s and unknown solutions A, B and C. A control slide was prepared only using RBC’s. After observing each slide under the microscope it was determined that unknown solution A was hypertonic because the RBC appeared to have shrunk. The RBC in unknown solution B appeared to be swollen, therefor, the tonicity of unknown solution B was hypotonic. Unknown solution C showed no change to the RBC shape, it was suggested that unknown solution C was isotonic. To confirm the tonicity
14. Which of the following is not one of the functional roles of membrane proteins?