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- 1.1 On a cold winter day, the outer surface of a 0.2-m-thick concrete wall of a warehouse is exposed to temperature of –5°C, while the inner surface is kept at 20°C. The thermal conductivity of the concrete is 1.2 W/m K. Determine the heat loss through the wall, which is 10-m long and 3-m high. Problem 1.11.76 Explain a fundamental characteristic that differentiates conduction from convection and radiation.1.13 If the outer air temperature in Problem is –2°C, calculate the convection heat transfer coefficient between the outer surface of the window and the air, assuming radiation is negligible.
- 1.15 A thermocouple (0.8-mm-diameter wire) used to measure the temperature of the quiescent gas in a furnace gives a reading of . It is known, however, that the rate of radiant heat flow per meter length from the hotter furnace walls to the thermocouple wire is 1.1 W/m and the convection heat transfer coefficient between the wire and the gas is K. With this information, estimate the true gas temperature. State your assumptions and indicate the equations used.Three thin sheets of polished aluminum are placed parallel to each other so that the distance between them is very small compared to the size of the sheets. If one of the outer sheets is at 280C and the other outer sheet is at 60C, calculate the temperature of the intermediate sheet and the net rate of heat flow by radiation. Convection can be ignored.Using Table 1.4 as a guide, prepare a similar table showing the orders of magnitude of the thermal resistances of a unit area for convection between a surface and various fluids.
- 1.4 To measure thermal conductivity, two similar 1-cm-thick specimens are placed in the apparatus shown in the accompanying sketch. Electric current is supplied to the guard heater, and a wattmeter shows that the power dissipation is 10 W. Thermocouples attached to the warmer and to the cooler surfaces show temperatures of 322 and 300 K, respectively. Calculate the thermal conductivity of the material at the mean temperature in W/m K. Problem 1.4It is desired to heat the workshop with a stove made of falling cylindrical sheet material with an outer diameter of 400 mm and a height of 1600 mm. The surface temperature of the stove is 217 oC and the radiation emission coefficient is 0.92, the temperature of the workshop surfaces is 12 oC and the ambient temperature of the workshop is 17 oC. Next to the stove, the workshop surface area is very large. From the side surface of the stove to the workshop; a) By transport,b) with radiation Calculate the heat transfer.(a) If the cost of producing the hot water is $0.10 per kWh, what is the representative daily costof heat loss from an uninsulated pipe to the air per meter of pipe length? The convectionresistance associated with water flow in the pipe may be neglected.(b) Determine the savings associated with application of a 10-mm-thick coating of urethaneinsulation (k = 0.026 W/m-K) to the outer surface of the pipe.
- How to Solve this, A stainless steel plate at 100◦C faces a firebrick wall at 500◦C.Esti- mate the heat flux and radiation heat transfer coefficient, hThe boiling temperature of nitrogen at atmospheric pressure at sea level (1 atm) is -196°C. Therefore, nitrogen is commonly used in low temperature scientific studies since the temperature of liquid nitrogen in a tank open to the atmosphere will remain constant at -196°C until the liquid nitrogen in the tank is depleted. Any heat transfer to the tank will result in the evaporation of some liquid nitrogen, which has a heat of vaporization of 198 kJ/kg and a density of 810 kg/m3 at 1 atm. Consider a 3-m-diameter spherical tank initially filled with liquid nitrogen at 1 atm and 196°C. The tank is exposed to 22°C ambient air with a heat transfer coefficient of 22 W/m2 · °C. The temperature of the thin-shelled spherical tank is observed to be almost the same as the temperature of the nitrogen inside. Disregarding any radiation heat exchange, determine the rate of evaporation of the liquid nitrogen in the tank as a result of the heat transfer from the ambient air in kg/sec. Answer in…Question : Studies show that the major energy consumption in Fijian villages is wood which is used for cooking over open fires. Typical consumption of wood is 1 kg person–1day–1. (a) Estimate the heat energy required to boil a 2-liter pot full of water. Assuming this to be the cooking requirement of each person, compare this with the heat content of the wood, and thus estimate the thermal efficiency of the open fire. (b) How much timber has to be felled each year to cook for a village of 200 people?Assuming systematic replanting, what area of crop must the village therefore set aside for fuel use if it is not to make a net deforestation? Hint: refer to Table 10.4. (c) Comment on the realism of the assumptions made, and revise your estimates accordingly. Answer: (a) mcDT ≈ 0.6 MJ (heat losses from pot imply actual requirement is higher). h ≈ 3%. (b) 70 tonnes; 7 ha.