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- Silicon forms a series of compounds analogous to the al-kanes and having the general formula SinH2n+2. The first of these compounds is silane, SiH4, which is used in the electronics industry to produce thin ultrapure silicon films. SiH4(g) is somewhat difficult to work with because it is py-ropboric at room temperature—meaning that it bursts into flame spontaneously when exposed to air. (a) Write an equation for the combustion of SiH4(g). (The reaction is analogous to hydrocarbon combustion, and SiO2 is a solid under standard conditions. Assume the water produced will be a gas.) (b) Use the data from Appendix E to calculate ? for this reaction. (c) Calculate G and show that the reaction is spontaneous at 25°C. (d) Compare G for this reaction to the combustion of methane. (See the previous problem.) Are the reactions in these two exercises enthalpy or entropy driven? Explain.Asphalt is composed of a mixture of organic chemicals. Does an asphalt parking lot contribute directly tothe formation of photochemical smog? Explain.In the stratosphere, hydroxyl radical (OH) is produced and consumed by the following reactions: k1O* + H2O –––> 2OH k2OH + CH4 –––––––> H2O + CH3 k2-bottom = 7.9 x 10-16 cm3 molec-1 s-1 at the b k2-top = 4.6 x 10-15 cm3 molec-1 s-1a.(3) Based on the rate laws for these reactions, write an equation for the steady-state concentration of hydroxyl radical in the stratosphere.
- UCI Chemistry researchers, Prof. F. Sherwood Rowland and Dr. Mario Molina werefirst to discovered in 1973 that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were depleting the Earth’sozone layer when released into the atmosphere. Once they reach the stratosphere, Clis released from the CFCs molecules by interaction with UV light. Free Cl atoms areable to react with ozone in a catalytic cycle that converts O3into the more stable O2.It is estimated that a single Cl atom is able to react with∼100000 O3molecules.Although CFCs production was banned in 1996, there are still a substantial numberof motor vehicle air conditioners (MVACs) that use CFC-12 (CF2Cl2) as refrigerant.The average CFC-12 emission rate from operating MVACs has been estimated tobe 59.5 mg per hour per vehicle (Zhang et al.Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.2017).How much chlorine, in kg, is added to the atmosphere in a year due to 100 millionMVACs using CFC-12 as refrigerant?Ozone in the stratosphere can be depleted by the following reactions involving CI atoms: Step 1 (fast): CI + O3 <--> CIO + O2 Step 2 (slow): CIO + O -> CI + O2 (a) What is the rate law according to this mechanism? (b) Based on the rate law from part (b), what should be the units of the observed rate constant, k? Use time units of seconds.Average ozone concentrations in Jakarta, Indonesia have been reported to be 0.015 mg m^-3 and in Tokyo, Japan are 20 ppbv. What is the approximate ratio of these two values when expressed in the same units?
- Why can’t traditional ClOx catalytic chemistry explain the Antarctic ozone hole? What reaction cycle does explain it?Describe the principle of electrostatic precipitator and cyclone separator. How these equipment/technology can be useful in mitigating source gaseous pollution from industry?As of the writing of this text, EPA standards limit atmospheric ozone levels in urban environments to 84 ppb. How many moles of ozone would there be in the air above Los Angeles County (an area about 4000 square miles; consider a height of 100 m above the ground) if ozone was at this concentration?