1. Answer both parts (a) and (b). (a) Explain the Ricardian Equivalence Theorem using a two period model of consumption. Explain in detail. (b) Is the Ricardian Equivalence Theorem likely to hold in practice? Explain in detail.
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- Suppose taxes increase in the current period and there is no change to current or future governmentexpenditures. What does Ricardian equivalence predict will be the impact on consumption decisions? (a) Decrease in current consumption and a decrease in saving(b) Decrease in future consumption and an increase in future consumption(c) No change in current consumption and a decrease in future consumption(d) No change in consumption and a decrease in saving.13) Which of the following is NOT an implication of Ricardian equivalence?a) Tax cuts have no effect on national saving. b) The present value of future tax increases equal the current tax cut. c) Tax cuts do not make increase the welfare of consumers. d) The amount of private saving does not change.Suppose that conditions in the economy are such that the after-tax expected real interest rate is described by the equationRa = a X gWhere a is a number that depends on how people value their consumption in one period compared with another period, and g is the growth rate of the economy. The a equals 1 when people prefer consumption to be balanced, with the same amount of consumption each period; a may be bigger than the one when people prefer consumption today over consumption in the future, with a being larger and larger the more impatient people are:A - Suppose that a = 2, g = 0.02, the inflation rate is expected to be steady at pi = 0.03, and the tax rate is .40. What are the values of the equilibrium nominal interest rate and the before-tax expected real interest rate?B - Beginning with the situation in part a, if the growth rate of the economy increases to .04, what are the new values of the equilibrium nominal interest rate and the before-tax expected real interest rate?C -…
- Suppose that conditions in the economy are such that the after-tax expected real interest rate is described by the equationRa = a X gWhere a is a number that depends on how people value their consumption in one period compared with another period, and g is the growth rate of the economy. The a equals 1 when people prefer consumption to be balanced, with the same amount of consumption each period; a may be bigger than the one when people prefer consumption today over consumption in the future, with a being larger and larger the more impatient people are:D - Beginning with the situation in part a, if the expected inflation rate declings to 0.01, what are the new values of the equilibrium nominal interest rate and the before tax expected real interest rate?E - From these results, what general conclusions can you draw about the relationship between the nominal interest rate and the rate of economic growth, the tax rate, and the inflation rate? what about the relationship between the before…1. Define marginal propensity to consume. Explain its relationship with marginal propensity to save. 2. Distinguish between MPC and APC. 3. Estimate the marginal propensity to consume in an economy in which the aggregate consumption expenditure from k400 000 to 500 000. 4.define the multiplier. Apart from income generation via the multiplier process, what other important role does investment play in an underdeveloped economy? Define inflation. With the help of diagrams bring out the distinction between cost push and demand pull inflation. Are the economic effects of inflation identical for all sections of society. Discuss giving comprehensive examples. Using the IS- LM model, discuss how equilibrium is attained in the money and products market distinctively, to arrive at the general level of equilibruim in an economy. What happens to interest rates as prices change along a given AD schedule? Explain using the IS - LM model. Explain the fixed and flexible exchange rates. What is the…2.2(a)How Permanent income hypothesis and life cycle hypothesis explain the differences between the long-run APC and the short-run APC?(b)Use an appropriate diagram based explain why the MEC-curve might overstate the additional investment that could be generated in an economy with a one-percent reduction in the rate of interest.
- Question Two a. Explain the difference between a binding and non-binding borrowing constraints and thetwo consumption functions that result.b. From the Intertemporal Choice Model, many theories (non-Keynesian theories ofConsumption) came into being. Using graphical and mathematical expressions, compareand contrast the following theories on consumption behaviours:i. Franco Modigliani: Life-Cycle Hypothesisii. Milton Friedman: Permanent-Income Hypothesisiii. Robert Hall: Random Walk HypothesisAssume an economy with 1000 consumers. Each consumer has income in the current period of 50 units and future income of 60 units, and pays a lump-sum tax of 10 in the current period and 20 in the future period. The market real interest rate is 8%. Of the 1000 consumers, 500 consume 60 units in the future, while 500 consume 20 units in the future. Determine each consumer’s current consumption and current saving. Current Consumption: Current Saving: Determine aggregate private saving, aggregate consumption in each period, government spending in the current and future periods, the current-period government deficit, and the quantity of debt issued by the government in the current period. Aggregate Private Saving Aggregate Consumption Government spending: Current Future Current period government deficit Quantity of debtAssume certain coutory economy consumption function =200+0.75(Y-T) given government purchase and Tax are 100 and investment function =100-25r real money demand =25y-100r money supply =1000 then find equilibrium income and interest rate when government purpose increase by 80 percent and tax increase by 70 percent draw IS and LM curve and by how much they shift ?
- a) What generally happens to the major macroeconomic variables such as GDP, unemployment rate, and inflation rate during an economic recession? b) Define economic expansion using the reference terms of actual GDP and potential GDP. c) Explain how investment spending and interest rate related. What is the reason behind such a relationship? d) Find the correlation coefficient between interest rate and Real Investment. Does this (actual) value support the theoretical relationship between the variables? Explain. (e) Explain the importance of investment spending for the economy. Only typed answerpart D needed Assumptions for all the questions: Private consumption is a function of disposable income and wealth (unless stated otherwise). Investment depends only on the real interest rate (unless stated otherwise). please present your answer using graphs and short explanations. Assume that the economy is open and that CF= 0. Assume that Y*< Yfull. Analyze the influence of the following events (analyze each event separately unless said otherwise) on the equlibrium outcomes. Use the diagrams and show the changes relative to the initial situation which you described in A. In each section show what will happen to output, real interest rate, net capital flow (CF), import surplus (IM-EX), real exchange rate, private consumption, investment and inflation rate in the short run and in the long run. a) Assume that we are in the initial situation of short-run equilibrium described above. The government decided to decrease taxes and increase bonds in order to increse household…part C needed Assumptions for all the questions: Private consumption is a function of disposable income and wealth (unless stated otherwise). Investment depends only on the real interest rate (unless stated otherwise). please present your answer using graphs and short explanations. Assume that the economy is open and that CF= 0. Assume that Y*< Yfull. Analyze the influence of the following events (analyze each event separately unless said otherwise) on the equlibrium outcomes. Use the diagrams and show the changes relative to the initial situation which you described in A. In each section show what will happen to output, real interest rate, net capital flow (CF), import surplus (IM-EX), real exchange rate, private consumption, investment and inflation rate in the short run and in the long run. a) Assume that we are in the initial situation of short-run equilibrium described above. The government decided to decrease taxes and increase bonds in order to increse household…