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- Radio stations, tornado sirens, light houses, and street lights are all public goods in that all are nonrivalrous and nonexclusionary. Therefore why does the government provide tornado sirens, street lights and light houses but not radio stations (other than PBS stations)?Some economists claim that grinding poverty and impatience impel people to strive for immediate gain, forgetting long-term environmental sustainability. You are an Environmental Economist in the Ministry of the Environment and Beautification in your local country, and you are tasked with holding a team meeting and the Chief Economist has given the following guidelines: II. two critiques (most recent) of the environmental Kuznets Curve. III. the importance of inter-generational equity and optimal depletion with regards to non-renewable resources.What makes climate change an economic problem? And if it is, how should policy dealwith it?Your answer should include reference to at least three of the following aspects of theproblem:a) Climate change as an externalityb) A carbon tax vs. cap and tradec) Cost-benefit analysisd) Assessing costs to future generationse) Environmental dynamics
- The most efficient way to get firms to reduce pollution is to A set a uniform emissions standard and require all firms to meet the standards B make the worst polluters shut down and go out of businesses C make them pay for the social cost of production and let them decide how to respond to the higher costs D Provide firms and consumers with the information about the effects of their actions and encourage them to behave responsibly Note:- Do not provide handwritten solution. Maintain accuracy and quality in your answer. Take care of plagiarism. Answer completelyQuestions for Further Discussion 1. It would seem that neighbors could easily negotiate among themselves to settle problems of local externalities such as noise and unsightly land uses. Yet most communities control these problems with local laws and regula-tions. Why? 2. Suppose courts changed rules regarding burden of proof, requiring polluters to show that their emissions are harmless, rather than pollutees to show that they have been harmed. What impact might this have? 3. Suppose a community weighed each resident's solid-waste disposal when it was picked up and published the individual totals each year in the local newspaper. Do you think this would lead to a reduction in the total quantity of solid waste disposed of in the community?1a) Water filtration removes contaminants that increase the risk of plant diseases from a farmer's water sources. As a result, there is a decreased risk of consumers suffering illnesses from consuming crops grown with filtered water. Due to this, economists might suggest that the use of water filtration systems in agriculture has an associated ________ externality? 1b) Draw the private cost, private benefit, social cost, and social benefit curves in the market for water filtration systems. If any of the curves are the same, label the curve as both. 1c) Is there market failure if the market runs freely? If so, is the socially optimal quantity of farmers using water filtration systems higher or lower than the market outcome? 1d) Provide a policy suggestion that would help to correct any market failures that arise due to this externality. Explain why this would be effective. 2a) Livestock and poultry farming are some of the largest contributors of ammonia emissions. Ammonia has been…
- Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion One advantage of an emissions tax over a cap-and-trade system is that a. permit markets can have transactions costs that taxes do not. b. taxes put a price on pollution, but cap-and-trade systems do not. c. once a cap-and-trade system is in place, there is no way for the government to adjust the price of permits. d. taxes are always popular.please help me with the questions below: Explain why it is difficult to estimate the value people place on environmental goods, thebenefits they receive from cleaner air and other services of nature. How might you calculate WTP or MWTP for an environmental good? Distinguish between use and non-use value.Climate change is the defining challenge of the 21st century. Fighting climate change requires worldwide effort. For simplicity, let us assume that there are two countries in the world, countries 1 and 2. The preferences of the two countries are identical and characterized by U(xj,C)= 3lnxj+lnC for j is element of (1,2) , where ix, s the private consumption of country j is element of (1,2), and C is the sum of global contributions for climate protection. Countries 1 and 2 contribute c1 and c2 , respectively, and hence C= c1+c2. Assume that px=pc=1 and that each country has a €800 budget for both goods. What are the two main characteristics of a public good? Determine the level of contribution from each country, and in the decentralized market equilibrium. Determine the socially optimal contributions from each country. Why does the socially optimal level of contributions in (c) differ from the level in (b)?
- The climate policy toolkit has, to-date, mostly focused on demand side policies (i.e. policies that affect the pollution demand curve), some of which are ‘command-and control’ and others are market based (e.g. cap-and-trade schemes, carbon taxes). (a) Using a diagram or diagrams, explain how a cap-and-trade scheme could result in pollution reduction. (b) What is the Emissions Reduction Fund and what are its pros and cons? 1(c) Of the following four policy options, which one do you favour as a demandside policy and why? i. command-and-control in terms of a demand side climatechange ii. carbon tax iii. Emissions Reduction Fund iv. cap-and-trade scheme12. Explain in your own words the three strategies where sustainability depends. 3 Strategies: 1. First, the world needs bring population growth under control. 2. Second strategy is conservation of finite resources. 3. Third strategy is reducing waste.Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion Why the market tends to fail when dealing with environmental issues? It is said many externalities in environmental economics have features that are similar to that of public goods. We know that the provision of some public goods such as lighthouse can be solved through the market rather effectively. What makes environmental goods such as clean air different from other public goods such as lighthouse? Why is it more difficult to solve the provision of clear air through the market?
