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- Why do related species share homologous traits? Please choose all the FALSE options. a) Related species have independently evolved homologous traits. b )Related species inherited homologous traits from a common ancestor. c ) Related species share homologous traits because they are found in the same geographical area. d) Related species have adapted to similar environments1. I have found a heritable, morphologic trait that I think is phylogenetically informative. Before I use this data to construct a cladogram, I must ensure the trait possesses some key features. What features must this trait have? Morphological trait must have 3 thin. 1. it must be heritable2. it must be a quantitative3. ? Question 1, I just need to know the Morphological trait must have heritable and quantitative and what 2. You have two traits that you could use to reconstruct evolutionary relationships: One is fur color, and the other is a coding sequence for a gene (agouti) that influences fur color. What type of data/trait is fur color; what type is gene coding sequence? Identify which trait is likely to be more phylogenetically informative and explain your reasoning. My answer: coding sequence of the fur color is more important and informative for fur color trait as it will informative to find out evolutionary information based on coding sequence and find out common…4a) One explanation for the “stepped cline” in both gene frequencies and morphology is that B. bombina and B. variegata first diverged in allopatry and are now forming a secondary hybrid zone. Is the spatial pattern of genetic and morphological variation consistent with this explanation? Why or why not? 4b) Another explanation is that this is a “primary hybrid zone” where disruptive selection is acting on parapatric populations of red-bellied and yellow-bellied toads. What would have to be true for the ecological niches of these two-color forms of toad for disruptive selection to be acting on so many loci in parapatry? 4c) In either a secondary or a primary hybrid zone, what do the graphs above indicate about the relative fitnesses of the hybrid toads away from the 0-kilometer site on the cline? Why?
- Molecular marker is used to determine relatedness of species which may directly or indirectly exerts an effect on diversity. A hypothetical ancestor has the following DNA sequences: G A A G C T A T T C A T T. There are two lineage with DNA sequences of G A A G G T A T T C T C G, and G A A C C T A T T C T G C. (1) Determine the percentage of A and T in the DNA sequence of the hypothetical ancestor. (2) Calculate the percentage of each nitrogenous base in the second lineage.What is the phylogenetic definition of a species? A) A group of individuals that can breed and produce viable offspring B) A group of interbreeding individuals that share the same environment C) A group of individuals that share a common ancestorIndicate the order in which the following steps would take place to result in Parapatric Speciation [enter 1 for the first step, 2 for the second, etc; write only the number -- no words, no spaces] Something happens so that the environment is different in one part of the range relative to the other, even though the populations are still contiguous. As they adapt to their specific environments, the fitness of any hybrid formed is reduced. The populations adapt to their environment in the part of the range where they live. Interbreeding populations connected via gene flow occur across a range. Reproductive isolating mechanisms are selected for so that less fit hybrids are not formed. Two species now exist.
- Fixity of Species refers to… Group of answer choices A-the theory that species exist at a fixed location along a physiological continuum B-the fact that species are defined by fixed adaptations to their direct environment C-the theory presented by Thomas Malthus that population densities of any given species are most affected by mortality and fertility rates D-the pre-darwinian notion that species, once created, can never change E-the late 19th century concept that because mendelian traits are fixed they are evidence that variation within and between species are designed by God specifically for those speciesConsider the table of morphological traits exhibited by species A to I (expressed traits marked with an "X"). Traits Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A X - X X - X X - X B - X X - X - - - - C - - - - - - - - - D X - X - - X X - X E X - X X - X X X X F X - X X - - X X X G - X X - - - X - X H - - X - - - - - X I - - X - X - - - - Find the number of traits expressed by each species. Find the number of species possessing each trait. Is the set of species exhibiting trait 2 a subset of those exhibiting trait 9? Is the set of species exhibiting trait 8 a subset of those exhibiting trait 7? Is the set of species exhibiting trait 6 a subset of those exhibiting trait 1? Is the set of species exhibiting trait 1 a subset of those exhibiting trait 9? Is the set of species exhibiting trait 1 a subset of those exhibiting trait 8? 13. Consider the table of traits in problem 12 above. Create a parsimonious cladogram based upon the table's information. 14. Consider the…Species A, B, and C are related according to the phylogeny below (A,(B,C)). Species A and C diverged 10,000,000 generations ago, and species B and C diverged 100,000 generations ago. All three species are diploids. The mutation rate in their genomes is 1×10−9 mutations per basepair per generation. A gene found in all three species is 1,000 bp long. 75% of mutations in the gene are deleterious and 0% are beneficial. Use this information to answer the following questions. a) Species A has 100,000 diploid individuals. How many new mutations arise per basepair per generation in species A? b) What is the gene’s neutral mutation rate per basepair per generation? c) What is the expected rate of fixation of neutral mutations in the gene? d) How many neutral substitution do you expect to observe if you compared the gene between species A and C?
- Species A, B, and C are related according to the phylogeny below (A,(B,C)). Species A and C diverged 10,000,000 generations ago, and species B and C diverged 100,000 generations ago. All three species are diploids. The mutation rate in their genomes is 1×10−9 mutations per basepair per generation. A gene found in all three species is 1,000 bp long. 75% of mutations in the gene are deleterious and 0% are beneficial. Use this information to answer the following questions. a) If there are 20 polymorphic synonymous sites in the gene in species A, how many non-synonymous sites do you expect to be polymorphic? Assume all synonymous changes are neutral. b) In species B, there are an average of two pairwise differences between individuals within the gene. What is the effective population size of species B? c) What do you expect FST to be between species B and C? Assume no migration between the species after they diverged.Indicate the order in which the following steps would take place to result in Allopatric Speciation [enter 1 for the first step, 2 for the second, etc; write only the number -- no words, no spaces] The two groups develop reproductive isolating mechanisms so that they no longer interbreed. Interbreeding populations connected via gene flow occur across a range. The two separate groups adapt to their new environments. Some sort of physical barrier develops to split the once contiguous population(s) into two separate groups If they come back together, any hybrids formed are less fit.Please match: 12345 Allele 12345 Analogous 12345 Sympatric 12345 Homologous 12345 Allopatric 1. The wing of a bat and the leg of a horse are examples of ____ structures 2. The wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly are examples of______ structures 3. A version of a gene is called a(n) 4. Speciation that occurs when two species are together is called 5. Speciation resulting from two populations being separated by a physical barrier is called