1. What are buffers? 2. Using the pH scale, describe how you can indicate if the blood solution is acid, base or neutral solution. 3. How would you account for the buffering action of the blood?
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- Critical thinking questions: 1. Evaluate Frances' fluid volume and electrolyte status. Which physiological assessment findings support your analysis? Which lab results support your analysis? What is the most likely etiology of these imbalances? 2. Explain the reasons for Frances' ECG changes? 3. Analyze the ABG results. What is the etiology of the primary imbalance? Is the body compensating for this imbalance?Questions about Micropipettes: A) Imagine that you pressed your plunger to the second stop instead of the first stop when you took up water. Did you take up more or less fluid than the desired amount? B) Now imagine that you introduced air bubbles into the pipet tip while you are taking up fluid. Did you take up more or less fluid than the desired amount?Edema Case Study Questions The following four patients all have severe edema for different reasons. Your challenge is to explain the cause of the edema. In each case, try to explain the edema in terms of either an increase or a decrease in one of the four pressures that cause bulk flow at capillaries. A picture may be useful. Patient 1: Mr. Taylor Mr. Taylor is a 66 year old alcoholic who has been drinking for years. During the past month he has gained over 25 pounds due to water retention. He exhibits swelling in all areas of the body. He has recently been admitted to the hospital and diagnosed with end stage liver failure. What is the connection between the liver failure and his edema? Which capillary pressure is altered and how does it cause edema? Hint: consider the functions of the liver, particularly the ones that affect blood composition. Patient 2: Mrs. So Mrs. So is a 28 year old visiting her OB in the 26th week of her pregnancy. She is experiencing varicose veins and…
- PatientAge: 72 Gender: Male Height: 172 cm Weight: 78 kgThe doctor's order is Potassium Chloride 40meq in 1L to run for 8 hours for the patient. Based on the Renal Drug Handbook 3rd Edition, the right rate of administration of potassium chloride is the following. ● Infusion up to 20mmol potassium per hour except in an extreme hypokalaemic emergency where some units give up to 40mmol/hour with cardiac monitoring● Give IV solution well diluted (not exceeding 40mmol/500mL) for peripheral administration.● Mix IV solutions thoroughly to avoid the layering effect● Some units give more concentrated solution centrally: 100–200mmol/100mL sodium chloride 0.9% or glucose 5%, but at a rate not more than 20mmol/hour Does the doctor's order comply with the renal drug handbook? Time remaining: 01:59:18 Nursing 1.- Please name the drug sources, and explain one of them. 2.- Why are important the Drug Standards? 3.- What means: PDR and USAN? 4.- Please explain the Controlled Substances Act of 1990. 5.- What is the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004? Why is important? Please give an example of one product label. 6.- What is Pharmacokinetics? What means excretion of a drug? 7.- Which factors can change the drug absorption? 8.- Please name the factors that can affect the Drug Action, and explain one of them. 9.- What is an adverse reaction? 10.- What is a palliative drug?CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS: 3. A 54-year old male patient has been treated with Chlorothiazide ( Diuri) for hypertension but due to increasing blood pressure, edema, and signs of early heart failure, the provider switches him to a low dose of furosemide (Lasix) and spironolactone (Aldactone). The patient wants to know why he now needs two diuretics and questions the nurse about whether this is a safe thing to do. How should the nurse respond?
- Signature Assignment: End Stage Kidney Disease Case Analysis The goal of this assignment is to show that you understand the importance of the liver, pancreas, and kidneys in the proper functioning of the human body. Sarah, a 63-year-old female with a past medical history significant for diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis, gout, and a 30-pack a year smoking history, presents to the emergency room with chest pain revealing pericarditis in the echocardiogram, secondary to recently diagnosed end-stage renal disease. Physical examination reveals yellowish discoloration to the skin and sclera, multiple bruises, and 2+ bilateral edema. Sarah reports weakness lasting more than three weeks. Her medications include Glisten, a new drug for diabetes that causes ATP sensitive potassium channels to close, thereby releasing insulin. Her recent laboratory results are as follows: CBC Sodium 126 mEq/L Glucose 220 mmol/L Calcium 7.1 mg/dl Red blood cell count 3.9 cells / ul…CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS: 1. A 43 year old man is diagnosed with hypertension following an annual physical examination. The patient is thin and states that he engages in fairly regular exercise, but he describes his job as highly stressful. He also has a positive family history for hypertension and stroke. The health care provider initiates therapy with hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide) . The patient asks the nurse, “I have high blood pressure, Why do I need a ‘water pill’ to help my blood pressure?” How does hydrochlorothiazide reduce blood pressure?A physician orders Tylenol suspension 10 mg/kg q4-6h po for a child who weighs 45 lb using children Tylenol 160 mg/5 ml, what is the measurable amount of medication the child should receive per dose?
- ANTI-HBS QUESTIONS1. Why does the body need anti-HBs?2. Why does presence of anti-HBs exhibit protection against the HB virus?3. What are other antibodies to hepatitis B virus?4. What is the diagnostic significance of each of these hepatitis B antibodies?5. Why is it important that healthcare professionals should have Anti-HBs?Question 46 What is the MOST appropriate method of restoring the fluid and electrolyte balance for a 2 year old child with moderate dehydration? Question 46 options: Use an oral rehydration solution Keep the child NPO Start an IV of 0.9% Normal Saline Offer 60 ml of Gatorade38. When caring for a client suffering from metabolic acidosis, which of the following would the nurse anticipates as a treatment option?A. Ammonium ChlorideB. AcetazolamideC. Sodium bicarbonate D. Potassium