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- 1. A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. Itstimulates your immune system to produce antibodies, exactly like it would if you were exposed to the disease. Unlike most medicines, which treat or cure diseases, vaccines prevent them. If you are given a mission of creating a vaccine, for what viral disease will it be? Why? 2. SARS-CoV 2 is the virus responsible for Covid-19. With the current situation in the Philippines, the number of positive Covid-19 cases are slowly declining but it’s not over yet. What do you think are the factors that contributed to the easy spread of this virus? 3. What can you do, as a student, in preventing the spread of Covid-19?We now have at least three SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccines approved by the FDA for use in the United States. These vaccines cause cells in the body to make the spike protein that is on the surface of the virus, and subsequently, stimulate an antibody response to this antigen. A. What do these antibodies do to prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2? How do they interact with the virus particles? B. Which kind of cells in the immune system are responsible for synthesizing these antibodies?1) a. Why does the immunity offered by COvid vaccines last only for about 2-3 months maximum (compared to other vaccines)? b. Are vaccines the only or the best treatment for Covid? Do the type of vaccines matter? WIll it help for us (public) to learn in an easily accessible manner the side effects (and the frequency of occurrence) of the Covid vaccine? c. Should it be mandatory for all members of the population to take vaccines, assuming that it is readily available? d. Should there be clinical trails performed by agents (institutions) outside the very drug companies that manufacture them? Currently that option is not is not available readily.
- (1)Why do you think that SARS-CoV-2 caused Covid-19 became a pandemic, whereas other similar viruses have remained more contained? & What step(s) would you like to see in place as we continue to learn and combat the pandemic spread of Covid-19 disease? (2)What are your concerns, or thoughts, going forward as we (the United States and the global human population) continue to face this pandemic and move towards vaccine testing/approval?Moderna and Pfizer vaccines for COVID-19 use mRNA to the Spike protein combined with lipids. Which of the following is/are advantages of this type of vaccine compared to an inactivated virus vaccine? Select ALL correct answers. a) The vaccine is more stable for transport. b) The vaccine does not contain the virus so it cannot give you COVID-19. c) The vaccine can be rapidly produced in a slightly different form to protect from variants of SARS-CoV-2. d) The vaccine does not need a booster.1.What are the target cells of SARS-CoV-2? What do these cells have in common? 2.Retroviruses, like the HIV, contain an enzyme called reverse transcriptase. Explain the flow of genetic information in HIV.
- Efforts to produce an HIV vaccine have met with limited success. What aspects of the virus and its replicative strategy make it difficult to produce a vaccine against HIV? What other kind of virus might be similarly different to vaccinate against? What similarities and differences exist between the two types of virus that account for the differences in vaccine production?Despite our advancement in Science and Technology, thanks to the invention of the early scientists Robert Hooke and Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek that paved the way to the discovery of cells and the cure of many diseases, why is it that there are still many who are hesitant to have themselves immunized by COVID-19 vaccines? Please answer with 500 wordsA common way to prevent infectious viral diseases, such as COVID-19 and the flu, is to develop a vaccine for the virus that causes them. Vaccines can be made from a virus’s proteins or other parts, or from a virus that has been inactivated and is no longer harmful. Some vaccines, such as the flu vaccine, need to be modified every year to keep up with changes in the virus. Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 has a slower mutation rate than the influenza virus, which causes the flu. This means that mutations occur less frequently in SARS-CoV-2’s genome than in the influenza virus’s genome. Based on the information above, explain why it may be possible to develop a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that would not have to be modified as often as the flu vaccine.
- Which of the following is the most likely explanation for an individual who lacks CCR5 as a result of a homozygous defect in the CCR5 gene becoming infected with HIV? a. The mutated CCR5 genes reverted to the normal form, rendering macrophages susceptible to macrophagetropic HIV variants. b. The macrophage-tropic HIV variant entered host cells using CD4 alone. c. The viral nucleic acid alone was taken up by cells, as in cell transformation by bacterial DNA. d. The individual had received a transplant of HIV-infected cells expressing normal CCR5. e. The primary infection involved a lymphocyte-tropic strain of HIV that used CXCR4 as its co-receptor.You have been hired by a major pharmaceutical company to develop a new vaccine toprevent COVID-19 infection and spread.a. What is a virus? Describe the viral life cycle. (3 marks)b. Describe the difference between an antiviral drug and a vaccine. (1 mark)c. What are three qualities you would prioritize when developing this new vaccine forCOVID-19 that you would want in the end-product? (6 marks) Note: Qualities should be overarching characteristics of the developed drug, not specifics regarding various molecular mechanisms of actionSome older vaccines used a weakened strain of the pathogenic virus in the injection in the hope that the weakened virus would induce an immune response without causing disease. The virus vectors used in genetic engineering have all the harmful virus genes cut out and replaced with the foreign gene, such as one that makes a protein that is absent in the human patient. Which type of viral vaccine would you prefer to take as the safest option? Why? Some Covid 19 vaccines in development use the adenovirus, a common vector used in gene therapies, to inject the mRNa for the spike protein into human muscle cells. Why might vaccines using a virus vector be more likely to need only refrigeration and not deep-cold storage, given what you know about viruses?