10.24 The question of whether the sexual orientation of the mother has an impact on the sexual identity of her children was addressed in an article by Golombok and Tasker (1996). Twenty-five children of lesbian mothers and a control group of 21 children of heterosexual single mothers were interviewed in their early twenties concerning their sexual orientation. The results of the interviews are given in the following table. Data were unavailable for 1 male child; thus, orientation is reported on only 20 children of heterosexual single mothers. Child’s Orientation Mother’s Orientation Nonheterosexual Heterosexual Lesbian 2 23 Heterosexual 0 20 a. What is the populations of interest in this study? b. Is the proportion of young adults identifying themselves as nonheterosexual higher for lesbian mothers than for heterosexual mothers? Use a 5 .05. c. Construct a 95% confidence interval on the difference in the two proportions of young adults who identify themselves as being heterosexual in their sexual orientation.
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
10.24 The question of whether the sexual orientation of the mother has an impact on the
sexual identity of her children was addressed in an article by Golombok and Tasker (1996).
Twenty-five children of lesbian mothers and a control group of 21 children of heterosexual single
mothers were interviewed in their early twenties concerning their sexual orientation. The results
of the interviews are given in the following table. Data were unavailable for 1 male child; thus,
orientation is reported on only 20 children of heterosexual single mothers.
Child’s Orientation
Mother’s Orientation Nonheterosexual Heterosexual
Lesbian 2 23
Heterosexual 0 20
a. What is the populations of interest in this study?
b. Is the proportion of young adults identifying themselves as nonheterosexual higher for lesbian mothers than for heterosexual mothers? Use a 5 .05.
c. Construct a 95% confidence interval on the difference in the two proportions of young adults who identify themselves as being heterosexual in their sexual
orientation.
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