19. What sequence of events results from a decrease in aggregate demand? PI, inventories Į, firms respond by output 1, and employment ↑ PI, inventoriest, firms respond by output , and employment I P 1, inventories t, firms respond by output ↑, and employment ↑ Pt, inventories , firms respond by output 1, and employment 1
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- What trade offs does the Fed face, particularly in the short run in attempting to reach its goals? 1. In attempting to reach high employment, the Fed would pursue expansionary monetary policy, but this policy could cause lower economic growth 2. In attempting to reach high economic growth, the Fed would pursue contractionary monetary policy but this policy could cause higher unemployment 3. In attempting to reach high econmic growh or high employment, the Fed would pursue expansionary monetary policy, but this policy could cause higher inflation 4. In attempting to reach high economic growth, the Fed would pursue expansionary monetary policy, but this policy could cause higher unemploymentCreate a graph of an AD-AS model showing the equilibrium before, and after the Fed raised interest rates. Also, create a graph of an money demand - money supply model showing the equilibrium before, and after the Fed raised interest rates. Explain brieflyChapter 10, Stabilization Policy with Different Objectives Think about two separate Federal Reserves- Fed A and Fed B. Fed A cares only about keeping the price level stable at ¯ P and Fed B cares only about keeping output and employment at their natural levels ¯ Y. Let long-run aggregate supply (LRAS) be a function of capital and labor, Y = F(K,L), short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) be a characterized by completely sticky prices at ¯ P, and aggregate demand (AD) characterized byY = MV P . Let each Fed have control over nominal money balances M. (a) Assume both economies are currently at the long run equilibrium. Draw the long-run aggregate supply, short-run aggregate supply, and aggregate demand in equilibrium. Howwould each Fed respond both in the short-run and in the long-run to the follow ing two scenarios? (b) An exogenous permanent decrease in the velocity of moneyV ↓. (c) An exogenous temporary increase in the price of oil ¯ P ↑. In other words, oil prices return to the…
- Suppose the economy is in long-run equilibrium, as shown on the following graph. Now suppose a wave of business pessimism reduces aggregate demand. 1. On the following graph, shift a curve or adjust the point to reflect the short-run effect of business pessimism. (Please use the image attached.) 2. If the Fed undertakes expansionary monetary policy, it can? cannot? return the economy to its original inflation rate and original unemployment rate.What happens to the aggregate demand curve when the Fed reduces the money supply? a. It shifts leftward, raising real GDP and the price level b. It shifts leftward, lowering real GDP and the price level c. It shifts rightward, raising real GDP and the price levelThe economy of Zarland is operating below the full-employment level of output with a balanced budget. If Zarland increases government expenditures and taxes by equal amounts, can aggregate demand increase? Explain. If Zarland decides to pursue an expansionary monetary policy, what open-market operation should the central bank undertake?
- Suppose the economy begins at full employment. Label this starting point as point "1." Then, suppose that, due to increased instability in the financial markets, a decrease in investor and consumer confidence occurs. Show the effects on your graph and label the new equilibrium point "2." Lastly, suppose the Federal Reserve wants the economy to return to full-employment as quickly as possible. Should the Fed intervene? If so, show the impact of successful monetary policy on your graph. Label this new equilibrium point "3."Suppose government spending increases. Would the effect on aggregate demand be larger if the central bank held the money supply constant in response or if the central bank chose to maintain a fixed interest rate? Illustrate and explainSHOW NEW GRAPH Options listed If the velocity of money is 3, the money supply in this economy is - $12 trillion, $9 trillion, $15 trillion, $6 trillion, $18 trillion, OR $3 trillion Because ( the AD curve is downward sloping, velocity is assumed to be constant, OR the federal reserve controls M), the percentage increase in the price level is (less than, greater than, OR the same as) the percentage increase in the money supply. This illustrates (fact that monetary policy can increase real gdp, simple quantity theory of money, OR the importance of the federal reserve.)
- Determine how each of the following monetary or fiscal policy would shift the aggregate demand curve. Illustrate and explain the following effect. a. Assuming the economy is under full employment, the central bank receives news of a potential economic boom and has decided on a risky measure by conducting contractionary monetary policy. Illustrate and explain the effect of the policy using AD-AS curve.An increase in the interest rate discourages private firms from making new investments in factories. How does the sensitivity of investment to changes in the interest rate affect the amount by which monetary policy influences aggregate-demand?Assume a country’s economy is currently in recession. Draw a correctly labeled graph of the long-run aggregate supply, short-run aggregate supply, and aggregate demand curves, and show each of the following. Current real output, labeled Y1, and current price level, labeled PL1 Full employment output, labeled Yf Identify one action the central bank can take to help the economy recover from the recession. Draw a correctly labeled graph of the money market, and show the impact of the central bank’s action identified in part (b) on the nominal interest rate. On your graph for part (a), show the effect of the central bank’s action identified in part (b) on real output and the price level. Assume there is an increase in business confidence as a result of the central bank’s action. What will happen to the demand for capital goods? Draw a correctly labeled graph of the loanable funds market, and show the effect of the change identified in part (e)(i) on the real interest…