2. Consider the following graphical presentation as the optimal combination of a firm: Capital IC Labor Construct a single graphical presentation indicating the following conditions: a. Price of Labor increases but capital still the same. b. Two months after, both price of inputs declines proportionately. c. Five months after, the price of capital increases while the labor still the same.
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- Would you expect capital deepening to result in diminished1etmns? Why or why not? Would you expect improvements in technology to result in diminished returns? Why or why not?(50 points) Consider the two-period economy with investment discussed in class. Forthe sake of simplicity, assume that the utility is time separable and that the per-periodutility is equal to:u(C) = log CAssume also that the technology to produce the consumption goods has constant returns to scale. Moreover, capital is the only input to production. Hence the currentperiod technology can be represented as:Y = zK1where Y , K, and z stand for output, capital and total factor productivity in the currentperiod. The future period technology is akin to the current period technology. There isno government expenditure in the current and future period so that G = 0 and G0 = 0.Finally there is full capital depreciation, namely δ = 1.(a) (10 points) Write down the social planner’s problem. State the variables withrespect to which the social planner maximises.(b) (10 points) Derive the first order conditions to the planner problem. Rearrangethere condition to find the conditions characterising the…hy does a measure of labor productivity—the output produced per worker– rise for many firms during recessions? During the boom years period of 2005through November 2007, the annual average output per worker was lower in U.S.manufacturing than during the Great Recession of 2007–2009 as well during therelatively low-demand years since then through 2013.Firms produce less output during recessions as demand for their products falls.Consequently, firms typically lay off workers during recessions. Thus, whetheroutput per worker rises or falls depends on whether output or employment fallsby more. The labor productivity pattern over the business cycle differs across in-dustries. If we know about a firm’s production process, can we predict whetheroutput produced per worker will rise or fall with each additional layoff?
- (i) What were the main two components of the gain in labor productivity from 1901 to 2016? What was the proportional contribution of each? (ii) How does ‘capital deepening’ occur? (iii) What causes ‘multifactor productivity’ to increase?Show that, when using a traditional economic production function,doubling our population can double our output if capital stocks alsodouble. Use the production function: Q = AK L , where A representstechnology in an economy, K capital, and L labor. Double K and L andshow that Q also doubles, assuming α=β=1/2. Now show that, when we incorporate natural capital into thediscussion, doubling the population does not increase output in thesame way (since natural capital cannot also grow). Use theproduction function: Q = AK L N , where N is natural capital. DoubleK and L and show that Q less than doubles, assuming α=β=γ=1/3.12. What are the four factors of production? Thanks asap do it
- Suppose you observe over the last 15 years that the percentage growthin output was 25%, percentage growth in capital was 10%, and percentagechange in labor was 20%. Assume elasticity of output with respect to capitalis 0.4 and elasticity of output with respect to labor is 0.6. Calculate thecontributions to output growth from capital and labor, and then solve forproductivity growth. Please show equation throughout the whole process1. Supose that·Total Factor Productivity increases·Capital depreciates by 10%Everything else equal, what happens to labor demand in the economy?A. It decreases (i.e. shifts to the left of the demand curve)B. It increases (i.e. shifts to the right of the demand curve)C. Not enough information to answer 2. Does an increase in the wage causes leisure always to increase, because leisure is a normal good?A. YesB. NoC. Only if the substitution effect dominates the income effectD. Only if the income effect dominates the substitution effectAssembly: Total cost of production = PAQA = 400Earnings of High-Skilled Labor = WHHA = 100Earnings of Low-Skilled Labor = WLLA = 200Earnings of Capital = RKA = 100R&D: Total cost of production = PRQR = 400Earnings of High-Skilled Labor = WHHR = 175Earnings of Low-Skilled Labor = WLLR = 125Earnings of Capital = RKR = 100A. In which factor(s) is assembly intensive? In which factor(s) is R&D intensive?B. Suppose that due to the opening of trade, the price of assembly falls by ∆PA/PA = −20%, the price of R&D remains unchanged, ∆PR/PR = 0%, and capital’s share earnings remains constant.C. What has happened to the relative wage of high-skilled/low-skilled labor? Does this match the predictions of the offshoring model?
- Suppose a new drug was discovered that slowed the deterioration of health that accompanies aging. (All the graphs you draw should include labels down and right arrows to indicate the changes before and after the new drug were discovered). a.) What's the effect on optimal health H* ? Draw its marginal efficiency of capital (MEC) curve. b.) What's the effect on the available time for work Tw and play Tz ? Draw its labor–leisure graph including both budget constraints and indifference curve. c.) Draw the production possibilities frontier. Explain it.In a circular flow diagram which one of the follwing transactions happens in the market for goods and services and which one in the market for factors of production? A.) Selena pays a storekeeper $2 for a quart of milk- D.) Salma earns $1000 dividend from the stocks she has-2. According to data from the Longitudinal Survey of Companies of 2017, labor productivity in Chile is higher, on average, in larger companies, being large companies (86.5 million pesos per workerper year) almost 6 times more productive than microenterprises (15 million pesos per worker per year). Does this observation necessarily contradictthe Law of Diminishing Returns? How could it be explained that workers are more productive in larger companies? 3. Boco has a very popular pastry shop in his neighborhood. To carry out his work, he hires two productive factors: kilos of flour (H) and hours of use of a mixing machine (M). Its production function is given by f (H, M) = [min (H, aM)] b with a greater than zero. Using this information, determine what kind of returns to scale the technology presents that Boco uses. 4. When all inputs have decreasing marginal productivities, then the production functions exhibit diminishing returns to scale. True or False. Justify your answer.