Chemistry 10th Edition
ISBN: 9781305957404
Author: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher: Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
1 Chemical Foundations 2 Atoms, Molecules, And Ions 3 Stoichiometry 4 Types Of Chemical Reactions And Solution Stoichiometry 5 Gases 6 Thermochemistry 7 Atomic Structure And Periodicity 8 Bonding: General Concepts 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 10 Liquids And Solids 11 Properties Of Solutions 12 Chemical Kinetics 13 Chemical Equilibrium 14 Acids And Bases 15 Acid-base Equilibria 16 Solubility And Complex Ion Equilibria 17 Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy 18 Electrochemistry 19 The Nucleus: A Chemist's View 20 The Representative Elements 21 Transition Metals And Coordination Chemistry 22 Organic And Biological Molecules Chapter2: Atoms, Molecules, And Ions
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Use Daltons atomic theory to account for each of the following. a. the law of conservation of mass... Problem 2RQ: What evidence led to the conclusion that cathode rays had a negative charge? Problem 3RQ: What discoveries were made by J. J. Thomson, Henri Becquerel, and Lord Rutherford? How did Daltons... Problem 4RQ: Consider Ernest Rutherfords -particle bombardment experiment illustrated in Fig. 2.12. How did the... Problem 5RQ: Do the proton and the neutron have exactly the same mass? How do the masses of the proton and... Problem 6RQ: What is the distinction between atomic number and mass number? Between mass number and atomic mass? Problem 7RQ: Distinguish between the terms family and period in connection with the periodic table. For which of... Problem 8RQ: The compounds AlCl3, CrCl3, and ICl3 have similar formulas, yet each follows a different set of... Problem 9RQ Problem 10RQ: How would you name HBrO4, KIO3, NaBrO2, and HIO? Refer to Table 2.5 and the acid nomenclature... Problem 1ALQ: Which of the following is true about an individual atom? Explain. a. An individual atom should be... Problem 2ALQ: How would you go about finding the number of chalk molecules it takes to write your name on the... Problem 3ALQ: These questions concern the work of J. J. Thomson. a. From Thomsons work, which particles do you... Problem 4ALQ Problem 5ALQ: You have a chemical in a sealed glass container filled with air. The setup is sitting on a balance... Problem 6ALQ: The formula of water is If-O. Which of the following is indicated by this formula? Explain your... Problem 7ALQ: You may have noticed that when water boils, you can see bubbles that rise to die surface of the... Problem 8ALQ: One of the best indications of a useful theory is that it raises more questions for further... Problem 9ALQ Problem 10ALQ: Label each of the following as an atomic element, a molecular element, or a compound. Problem 11ALQ: Why is the term sodium chloride molecule incorrect whereas the term carbon dioxide molecule is... Problem 12ALQ Problem 13ALQ: Label each of the following as an atomic element, a molecular element, or a compound. Problem 14ALQ Problem 15ALQ Problem 16ALQ Problem 17ALQ: Which of tire following explain how an ion is formed'? Explain your answer. a. adding or subtracting... Problem 18Q: What refinements had to be made in Daltons atomic theory to account for Gay-Lussacs results on the... Problem 19Q: When hydrogen is burned in oxygen to form water, the composition of water formed does not depend on... Problem 20Q: The two most reactive families of elements are the halogens and the alkali metals. How do they... Problem 21Q: Explain the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite proportion, and the law of multiple... Problem 22Q: Section 2.3 describes the postulates of Daltons atomic theory. With some modifications, these... Problem 23Q: The contributions of J. J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford led the way to todays understanding of the... Problem 24Q Problem 25Q: The number of protons in an atom determines the identity of the atom. What does the number and... Problem 26Q: If the volume of a proton were similar to the volume of an electron, how will the densities of these... Problem 27Q Problem 28Q: List some characteristic properties that distinguish die metallic elements from the nonmetallic... Problem 29Q: Consider the elements of Group 4A (the carbon family): C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb. What is the trend in... Problem 30Q: Chlorine has two natural isotopes: 1737Cl and 1735Cl. Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to form the... Problem 31Q: Before an electrocardiogram (ECG) is recorded for a cardiac patient, the ECG leads are usually... Problem 32Q: Distinguish between the following terms. a. molecule versus ion b. covalent bonding versus ionic... Problem 33Q: Label the type of bonding for each of the following. Problem 34Q: The vitamin niacin (nicotinic acid. C6H5NO2) can be isolated from a variety of natural sources such... Problem 35Q Problem 36Q Problem 37E: When mixtures of gaseous H2 and gaseous Cl2 react, a product forms that has the same properties... Problem 38E: Observations of the reaction between nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas show us that 1 volume of nitrogen... Problem 39E: A sample of chloroform is found to contain 12.0 g of carbon, 106.4 g of chlorine, and 1.01 g of... Problem 40E: A sample of H2SO4 contains 2.02 g of hydrogen, 32.07 g of sulfur, and 64.00 g of oxygen. How many... Problem 41E: Consider 80.0-g samples of two different compounds consisting of only carbon and oxygen. One of the... Problem 42E: Several compounds containing sulfur and fluorine are known. Three of them have the following... Problem 43E: The three most stable oxides of carbon ire carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon... Problem 44E: Two elements. R and Q, combine to form two binary compounds. In the first compound, 14.0 g of R... Problem 45E: In Section 1.1 of the text, the concept of a chemical reaction was introduced with the example of... Problem 46E: In a combustion reaction, 46.0 g of ethanol reacts with 96.0 g of oxygen to produce water and carbon... Problem 47E: Early tables of atomic weights (masses) were generated by measuring the mass of a substance that... Problem 48E: Indium oxide contains 4.784 g of indium for every 1.000 g of oxygen. In 1869, when Mendeleev first... Problem 49E Problem 50E: If you wanted to make an accurate scale model of the hydrogen atom and decided that the nucleus... Problem 51E: In an experiment it was found that the total charge on an oil drop was 5.93 1018 C. How many... Problem 52E: A chemist in a galaxy tar, far away performed the Millikan oil drop experiment and got the following... Problem 54E: What are the symbols of the following nonmetals: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, sulfur, oxygen,... Problem 55E Problem 56E: In the periodic table, how many elements are found in each of the following? a. the hologen family... Problem 57E: a. Classify the following elements as metals or nonmetals: Mg Si Rn Ti Ge Rn Au B Am Bi At Br b. The... Problem 58E: a. List the noble gas elements. Which of the noble gases has only radioactive isotopes? (This... Problem 59E: For each of the following sets of elements, label each as either noble gases, halogens, alkali... Problem 60E Problem 61E Problem 62E: Write the atomic symbol (ZAX) for each of the isotopes described below. a. number of protons = 27,... Problem 63E: Write the symbol of each atom using the ZAX format. a. b. c. Problem 64E: For carbon-14 and carbon-12, how many protons and neutrons are in each nucleus? Assuming neutral... Problem 65E: How many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of each of the following atoms? In a neutral atom... Problem 66E Problem 67E: For each of the following ions, indicate the number of protons and electrons the ion contains. a.... Problem 68E: How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in each of the following atoms or ions? a. 1224Mg b.... Problem 69E Problem 70E: What is the symbol of an ion with 16 protons, 18 neutrons, and 18 electrons? What is the symbol for... Problem 71E: Complete the following table: Symbol Number of Protons in Nucleus Number of Neutrons in Nucleus... Problem 72E: Complete the following table: Symbol Number of Protons in Nucleus Number of Neutrons in Nucleus... Problem 73E: Would you expect each of the following atoms to gain or lose electrons when forming ions? What ion... Problem 74E Problem 75E: Name the compounds in parts ad and write the formulas for the compounds in parts eh. a. NaBr b. Rb2O... Problem 76E: Name the compounds in parts a-d and write the formulas for the compounds in parts eh. a. Hg2O b.... Problem 77E Problem 78E Problem 79E Problem 80E Problem 81E Problem 82E Problem 83E Problem 84E Problem 85E Problem 86E Problem 87E Problem 88E: Write the formula for each of the following compounds a. chromium(VI) oxide b. disulfur dichloride... Problem 89E Problem 90E: Write the formula for each of the following compounds: a. ammonium hydrogen phosphate b. mercury (I)... Problem 91E Problem 92E: Each of the following compounds is incorrectly named is wrong with each name, and what is the... Problem 93AE: Insulin is a complex protein molecule produced by the pancreas in all vertebrates. It is a hormone... Problem 94AE: Carbohydrates, a class of compounds containing the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, were... Problem 95AE Problem 96AE: What are the symbols for the following nonmetal elements that are most often present in compounds... Problem 97AE: Four Fe2+ ions are key components of hemoglobin, the protein that transports oxygen in the blood.... Problem 98AE: Which of the following statements is(are) true? For the false statements, correct them. a. All... Problem 99AE: The isotope of an unknown element, X, has a mass number of 79. The most stable ion of the isotope... Problem 100AE Problem 101AE Problem 102AE: Identify each of the following elements: a. a member of the same family as oxygen whose most stable... Problem 103AE Problem 104AE Problem 105AE Problem 106AE Problem 107AE Problem 108AE Problem 109AE: Consider 100.0-g samples of two different compounds consisting only of carbon and oxygen. One... Problem 110AE: Give the systematic name for the following compounds that are found in everyday life: a. H2S (rotten... Problem 111CWP Problem 112CWP Problem 113CWP: Complete the following table. Atom/Ion Protons Neutrons Electrons S50120n M1225g2+ F2656e2+ S3479e... Problem 114CWP: Which of the following is{are) correct? a. 40Ca2 contains 20 protons and 18 electrons. b. Rutherford... Problem 115CWP Problem 116CWP Problem 117CWP Problem 118CWP Problem 120CP: Reaction of 2.0 L of hydrogen gas with 1.0 L of oxygen gas yields 2.0 L of water vapor. All gases... Problem 121CP: A combustion reaction involves the reaction of a substance with oxygen gas. The complete combustion... Problem 122CP: A chemistry instructor makes the following claim: Consider that if the nucleus were the size of a... Problem 123CP: The early alchemists used to do an experiment in which water was boiled for several days in a sealed... Problem 124CP: Consider the chemical reaction as depicted below. Label as much as you can using the terms atom,... Problem 125CP: Each of the following statements is true, but Dalton might have had trouble explaining some of them... Problem 126CP: You have two distinct gaseous compounds made from element X and element Y. The mass percents are as... Problem 127CP: A single molecule has a mass of 7.31 1023 g. Provide an example of a real molecule that can have... Problem 128CP: You take three compounds, each consisting of two elements (X, Y. and/or Z), and decompose them to... Problem 129IP Problem 130IP Problem 131IP: Using the information in Table 2.1, answer the following questions. In an ion with an unknown... Problem 25Q: The number of protons in an atom determines the identity of the atom. What does the number and...
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2. The most common isotope of carbon has a mass of 12. Carbon has an atomic number of 6.
Definition Definition Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. It uniquely identifies an element, as the number of protons determines the element's properties. The periodic table of elements is arranged based on increasing atomic numbers, allowing scientists to easily locate and study elements.
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