3) A researcher wants to determine if exposure to subliminal (unconscious) images depicting older adults (80-95years old) will influence the time it takes pedestrians to get across a busy intersection using a crosswalk. Arandom sample of sixty pedestrians are exposed to a set of subliminally presented positive images using aspecial electronic traffic signal before the signal prompts them to cross. From previous studies (using the samecrosswalk and intersection), the experimenter knows that when no subliminal images are presented, the averagetime it takes the city's population to cross is 30.5 seconds, with a standard deviation = 5.5 seconds. ΣDn(E D²) – (E D)*t =n - 1n= number of pairs of scores (for example, if 8 people are measured at tl and t2, df = 8-1 = 7)D= the difference between each pair of scoresED = the sum of the differences(ED²) = the sum of the squares of the differences(ED)²= the sum of the differences squaredt score: Independent Samples t-test (degrees of freedom = (n1 – 1) + (n2 – 1))え-るt =n, -1n, -1X1= mean of first group (sample)X2= mean of second group (sample)s1 = sample variance of first groups?, = sample variance of second groupn1 = number of subjects (or observations) in the first groupn, = number of subjects in second groupBe careful about computing the denominator; pay attention to whether you are working with sample variances or standarddeviations to make sure your computations are correct.One Way ANOVA (see ANOVA table for degrees of freedom)Between Groups Sum of Squares: Subtract the grand mean from each group mean, square the deviation,multiply by n in each group and add the values together.. Σn(Χ, - X.SSB =n = the number of subjects or observations in a groupX. = the mean for any group (1 through n) of subjectsXg = the overall, or grand, mean for all subjects or observationsWithin Groups Sum of Squares: Subtract each group's mean from the individual scores and add them all up.SSw ΣΣ (X - XX = any single score within any particular groupX,= the mean of any particular groupnG = number of groupsN= total # of subjects/observationsSdfMSFTreatmentdf =F =MS =SS, / dfp(Between= B)MS, /MSwng-1dfw =N - nGError (Within= W) SSwMSw =SSw/ dfwSSrotalSSg + SSwTotaldfr.Total =N -1 =df,+ dfw

Given information: A researcher wants to determine if exposure to subliminal (unconscious) images…

Answered: 3) A researcher wants to determine if…

College Algebra

1st Edition

ISBN:9781938168383

Author:Jay Abramson

Publisher:Jay Abramson

Chapter9: Sequences, Probability And Counting Theory

Section9.7: Probability

Problem 3SE: What is an experiment?

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What is an experiment?
A sociologist wants to investigate the question, "Is there a relationship between texting during class and grade-point-average (GPA) among high school seniors in a large district?" Which study design is most appropriate? Before the semester starts, randomly select 40 seniors from each high school who do not text during class. Assign 20 to the texting treatment group (text three or more times during every class meeting) and 20 to the control group (no texting during class). At the end of the semester, obtain each student’s GPA from the appropriate admissions and records office. Compare the GPA of students who routinely text during class to the GPA of students who do not text during class. Before the semester starts, randomly select 40 seniors from each high school who do not text during class. Assign 20 to the texting treatment group (text three or more times during every class meeting) and 20 to the control group (no texting during class). At the end of the semester,…
. Although there is a popular belief that herbal remedies such as Ginkgo biloba and Ginseng may improve learning and memory in healthy adults, these effects are usually not supported by wellcontrolled research (Persson, Bringlov, Nilsson, and Nyberg, 2004). In a typical study, a researcher obtains a sample of n = 16 participants and has each person take the herbal supplements every day for 90 days. At the end of the 90 days, each person takes a standardized memory test. For the general population, scores from the test form a normal distribution with a mean of μ = 50 and a standard deviation of σ = 12. The sample of research participants had an average of M = 54. Assuming a two-tailed test, state the null hypothesis in a sentence that includes the two variables being examined. Using the standard 4-step procedure, conduct a two-tailed hypothesis test with α = .05 to evaluate the effect of the supplements.
To examine adolescent substance abuse, Li, Pentz, and Chou (2002) surveyed 1,807 middle school students from 57 schools. The results showed that a greater risk of adolescent substance abuse was associated with increasing numbers of parents and friends who were sub- stance abusers. However, friends’ use did not affect adolescent substance abuse when parents were nonusers. Is this an example of a research design?
Although there is a popular belief that herbalremedies such as Ginkgo biloba and Ginseng mayimprove learning and memory in healthy adults,these effects are usually not supported by wellcontrolled research (Persson, Bringlov, Nilsson,and Nyberg, 2004). In a typical study, a researcherobtains a sample of n = 16 participants and has eachperson take the herbal supplements every day for90 days. At the end of the 90 days, each person takesa standardized memory test. For the general population, scores from the test form a normal distributionwith a mean of μ = 50 and a standard deviation ofσ = 12. The sample of research participants had anaverage of M = 54.a. Assuming a two-tailed test, state the null hypothesis in a sentence that includes the two variablesbeing examined.b. Using the standard 4-step procedure, conduct atwo-tailed hypothesis test with α = .05 to evaluatethe effect of the supplements.
A researcher wants to determine if exposure to subliminal (unconscious) images depicting older adults (80-95 years old) will influence the time it takes pedestrians to get across a busy intersection using a crosswalk. A random sample of sixty pedestrians are exposed to a set of subliminally presented positive images using a special electronic traffic signal before the signal prompts them to cross. From previous studies (using the same crosswalk and intersection), the experimenter knows that when no subliminal images are presented, the average time it takes the city’s population to cross is 30.5 seconds, with a standard deviation = 5.5 seconds.
To examine adolescent substance abuse, Li, Pentz, and Chou (2002) surveyed 1,807 middle school students from 57 schools. The results showed that a greater risk of adolescent substance abuse was associated with increasing numbers of parents and friends who were sub- stance abusers. However, friends’ use did not affect adolescent substance abuse when parents were nonusers. Is this an example of a survey research design?
Although there is a popular belief that herbal remedies such as Ginkgo biloba and Ginseng may improve learning and memory in healthy adults, these effects are usually not supported by well- controlled research (Persson, Bringlov, Nilsson, and Nyberg, 2004). In a typical study, a researcher obtains a sample of n = 16 participants and has each person take the herbal supplements every day for 90 days. At the end of the 90 days, each person takes a standardized memory test. For the general population, scores from the test form a normal distribution with a mean of μ = 50 and a standard deviation of σ = 12. The sample of research participants had an average of M = 54. A) Assuming a two-tailed test, state the null hypothesis in a sentence that includes the two variables being examined. B) Using the standard 4-step procedure, conduct a two-tailed hypothesis test with α = .05 to evaluate the effect of the supplements.
The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations mandated that hospitals ban smoking by 1994. To study the effects of this ban on smoking behaviors, subjects were randomly selected from two different populations: those from hospitals with the ban and those from hospitals without the ban. Investigators were interested in determining if this smoking ban had any impact on the proportion of smokers employed at each hospital that then quit smoking. Among 843 smoking employees of hospitals with the smoking ban, 56 quit smoking during the study period. Among 703 smoking employees from workplaces without the smoking ban, 27 quit smoking during the study period. Below is the Stata output that was run to determine if there was a statistically significant difference between these two proportions at the α=0.05 level. A. What is the estimate of the proportion of smokers from the hospitals that implemented the ban that quit smoking (the blank labeled "C" in the above output)?…
The Pew Research Center has reported results of many studies highlighting political topics and potential public policy. For example, when Gallup first surveyed public opinion about the legalization of marijuana in 1969, only 12% of the public favored legalization. A more recent survey from March 2016 showed 53% of the public favoring legalization of marijuana. To examine potential generational differences in the proportions who favor the legalization of marijuana, researchers randomly surveyed groups of Baby Boomers (those born between 1946 and 1964) and Millennials (those born from 1981 to 1997) asking the following question: "Do you support the legalization of marijuana for medical and recreational use in the United States?" The data were as follows. Yes No Total Baby Boomers (population 1) 312 293 605 Millennials (population 2) 349 286 635 (a) State the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses. H0: p1 ? < = > ≠ p2 Ha: p1 ? < = > ≠ p2 (b) Find…
A poll asked 946 adults "If purchasing a used car made certain upgrades or features more affordable, what would be your preferred luxury upgrade? The results indicated that 8% of the males and 17% of the females answered window tinting. The poll description did not state the sample sizes of males and females. Suppose that both sample sizes were 473 and that 40 of 473 males and 80 of 473 females reported window tinting as their preferred luxury upgrade of choice. a. Is there evidence of a difference between males and females in the proportion who said they prefer window tinting as a luxury upgrade at the 0.01 level of significance? Let group 1 be the males, and let group 2 be the females. State the null and alternative hypotheses. Choose the correct answer below. A. H0: π1≥π2 H1: π1<π2 B. H0: π1≤π2 H1: π1>π2 C. H0: π1<π2 H1: π1≥π2 D. H0: π1=π2 H1: π1≠π2 E. H0: π1≠π2 H1: π1=π2 F. H0: π1>π2…
Based on a survey of 12,344 U.S. college students and 6,729 Canadian college students, Kuo, Adlaf, Lee, Gliksman, Demers, and Wechsler (2002) report that alcohol use is more common among Canadian than U.S. students, but heavy drinking (five or more drinks in a row for males, four or more for females) is significantly higher among U.S. students than Canadian students. Is this an example of a survey research design?

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