3. MyoD is a transcriptional activator that turns on the expression of several muscle specific genes in human cells The Id gene represses the function of MyoD. There are 2 possibilities: 1. Id protein directly represses the expression of these muscle specific genes. 2. Id inhibits muscle specific genes indirectly by preventing MyoD's function. If you knew Id's protein sequence, how can you figure out if explanation 1 or 2 is true?
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- 5. While exploring the human genome, a geneticist happens upon a gene in humans that is not functional and is not currently being expressed. This gene appears to be similar to the genes found in modern monkeys that cause tail formation. The most likely explanation for this gene in humans is Group of answer choices a. The gene is lying in wait for when it will be needed and then activated when the opportunity arises b. The gene is a conserved gene that serves an essential function in modern humans c. Humans are likely evolving a tail, and the gene will be expressed in the future d. The gene Is a random mutation of no significance e. The gene is a pseudogene leftover from when human ancestors had a tail1. How do muscle cells remain differentiated as muscle cells? 2. A mutation occurs in the Drosophila doublesex gene that prevents Tra from binding to the dsx RNA transcript. What would be the consequences of this mutation for Dsx protein expression in males? In females?1. You are studying a variant in a gene controlling wing development, Wng, in Drosophila. Using analysis software, you can see that the variant changes the protein product’s amino acid sequence, but homozygotes for this variant express a WNG protein that functions normally. Which term best describes the effect of this variant? conditional mutation gain of function mutation loss of function mutation neutral mutation synonymous mutation 2. In base excision repair, Photolyase breaks bonds between pyrimidines & Purines Single-stranded binding proteins are used to stabilize the unwound helix. Mut H recognizes the demythylated state, and removes the base DNA Glycolase removes the damaged nitrogenous base 3. Aneuploidy is a change in the number of individual chromosomes. Which of the following is not an example of aneuploidy? Nullisomy Trisomy Monosomy Polysomy Tetrasomy
- 1. A neuron and a white cell have very different functions. For example, a neuron can receive and respond to electrical signals while a white cell defends the body because it ___________.to. the proteins in neurons are completely different from those in the white cell.b. neurons and white cells in an individual have the same genome.c. the neuron expresses some mRNAs that the white cell does not express.d. Both neurons and white cells are already differentiated cells that do not need to transcribe or translate genes. 2. Which of the following is the main reason for a typical eukaryotic gene to be able to respond to a greater variety of regulatory signals than a typical prokaryotic gene or operon?to. eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymeraseb. RNA polymerases in eukaryotes require general and unspecific transcription factorsc. the transcription of a gened. prokaryotic genes are packed in nucleosomes 3. The distinctive characteristics of different types of cells in a multicellular…8) What makes a liver cell a liver cell and not a brain cell? A) The fact that it is found in an organ known as the liver B) The cells next to the liver cell dictate its identity C) The specific genes that the liver cell contains D) The specific genes that the liver cell expresses 7) The membranes of mictochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria do all of the following except A) Pump ions against concentration gradients B) Generate ATP C) Generate chemical gradients D) Catalyze the reaction of the krebs cycle1. Which of the following ensures that most genes on one X chromosome are not expressed in female animal cells? a.Knockout b.Circadian rhythm c.Repressors d,X chromosome inactivation 2. Which of the following is a function of histones in the process of gene expression? a.They wrap or unwind DNA and affect which DNA regions are accessible to RNA polymerase. b.They transport mRNA to key regions in the cytoplasm. c.They bind to DNA to increase or decrease transcription. d.They modify newly transcribed mRNA sequences.
- Analysis of Hunchback mRNA expression tells us what about Hunchback gene expression? That the Hunchback gene is always on That the Hunchback gene is not expressed in the fruit fly That the Hunchback gene is turned on and off during development NothingThe photos above show flowers from Arabidopsis plants. One plant is wild-type (unmutated); the other carries a mutation in one of its ABC floral identity genes. This mutation causes sepals and petals to form instead of stamens and carpels. Refer to Figure 10.8 to decide which gene (A, B, or C) has been inactivated by the mutation.Which of the following is a constant source of adult stem cells in a mammal? a. bone marrow b. pancreas c. basal lamina d. heart muscle e. kidney
- How does the regulation of gene expression support continued evolution of more complex organisms? Cells can become specialized within a multicellular organism Organisms can conserve energy and resources Cells grow larger to accommodate protein production Both A and B. 1. Bioinformatics analyses of the genomes of cancer cells from many different patients with different types of cancer indicate that the vast majority of the detected mutations do not appear to contribute to cancer. Why is this property so common in cancer cells? Group of answer choices Cells can only turn into malignant cancer cells if they substantially increase the frequency of the occurrence of random mutations in their genome. These mutations are important for cancer, but their effects have not yet been discovered. This is a result from the fact that cells can become cancerous through many different “mutational routes” involving mutations in different oncogenes and different tumor suppressor genes. Cancer cells need to acquire multiple mutations (in most cases at least 6 different mutations) to become malignant.4) The fact that splicing is a strategy to optimize the use of the genome in eukaryotes is evidenced in C. elegans, which with 20,000 genes can synthesize more than 20,000 proteins. True or false 7) The mutation in the myostatin protein that results in mice with hypertrophied muscles results from a premature stop codon that results in a truncated (shorter than necessary) protein that loses its function of stopping cell division of muscle cells. What post-transcriptional quality control mechanisms fail here? (two apply) a) polyadenylation b) NMD c) splicing d) capping e) methylation 10) The nuclear transplant experiment results in: a) KO or knockout b) transgenic organisms c) RNAi (interference) d) animal cloning