3. Using mathmatical calculations, show why 0.9% NaCl solutions and 5% dextrose (glucose) solutions are approximately isoosmotic with body fluids. Explain how some isoosmotic solutions can also be hypotonic (Hint: pay attention to penetrating and non- penetrating solutes).
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- Calculate the effective quantity (g) of sodium chloride related to tonicity in 100 mL of an intravenous fluid labeled "5% dextrose in 0.45% sodium chloride," and indicate whether the solution is isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic.For most neurons, the extracellular concentration of chloride ions (Cl-) is 108 mM, whilethe intracellular concentration of Cl- is 5 mM.If the plasma membrane becomes more permeable to Cl-, would there be Clinflux or Cl- efflux at an RMP of -70 mV? Why?Q.1 Define the following as applied to electrical activity of cells (i) Action Potential (ii) Membrane Potential (iii) Bioelectrogenesis . Q. 2 (a) State the following laws as applied to Biological fluid in membrane. (i) Vant’ Hoff’s law (ii) Nernst law equation (iii) Stok’s law (b) (i) State the significant of each law in (a) above in biological fluid flow. (ii) Explain briefly why fluid in biological membrane must be in a state of buffer. Q. 3 (i) What is meant by Diffusion as applied in biological membrane. (ii) State three factors that affect diffusion. (iii) Write down mathematical expression of diffusion from Fick’s law. Q. 4 (i) Define Surface tension of a liquid in Biological membrane (ii) Explain briefly the existence of surface tension at the boundary of biological fluids. (iii) State one direct and one indirect method of measuring surface tension.
- A characteristic of carrier molecules in a primary active transport pump is that: a. they cannot transport a substance and also hydrolyze ATP. b. they retain their same shape as they perform different roles. c. their primary role is to move negatively charged ions across membrances. d. they move Na+ into a neural cell and K+ out of the same cell. e. they act to establish an electrochemical gradient.When a dehydrated human patient needs to be given fluids intravenously, he or she is given: water, which is hypotonic with respect to body fluids saline at a concentration that is isotonic with respect to body fluids glucose because it is a non-electrolyte bloodOne of the important uses of the Nernst equation is in describing the flow of ions across plasma membranes. Ions move under the influence of two forces: the concentration gradient (given in electrical units by the Nernst equation) and the electrical gradient (given by the membrane voltage). This is summarized by Ohms law: Ix=Gx(VmEx) which describes the movement of ion x across the membrane. I is the current in amperes (A); G is the conductance, a measure of the permeability of x, in Siemens (S), which is I/V;Vm is the membrane voltage; and Ex is the equilibrium potential of ion x. Not only does this equation tell how large the current is, but it also tells what direction the current is flowing. By convention, a negative value of the current represents either a positive ion entering the cell or a negative ion leaving the cell. The opposite is true of a positive value of the current. a. Using the following information, calculate the magnitude of Na [ Na+ ]0=145mM,[ Na+ ]i=15mM,Gna+=1nS,Vm=70mV b. Is Na+ entering or leaving the cell? c. Is Na+ moving with or against the concentration gradient? Is it moving with or against the electrical gradient?
- With regard to fluid movement between body fluid compartments, what effect does oral/parenteral administration of a hypotonic NaCl solution (0.45% NaCl, 145 mOsm/kg) have on the volume & osmolality of the extracellular fluid compartment (ECF), and on the volume & osmolality of the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF)? Clearly explain your reasoningFor this practice problem, would the answer be c)NaCl? My reasoning behind this is because molecules under 100 Da can use simple diffusion, while nonpolar molecules and larger molecules like benzene can use channels via facilitated diffusion. However, NaCl dissociates into ions and cannot readily use diffusion?3. The dose of gentamicin for patients with impaired renal function is adjusted to ensure therapeutically optimal dosage. If the normal daily dose of the drug for adults is 3 mg/kg/day, administered in three divided doses, what would be the single (8-hour) dose for a patient weighing 165 lb and scheduled to receive only 40% of the usual dose, based on renal impairment? answer: 30 mg gentamicin I want to know the solutions please.
- Estimate the flux (mg/cm2/s) by diffusion of estrogen (a steroid) through a lipid bilayer cell membrane when assuming the diffusion coefficient for estrogen across the lipid bilayer is 10^–6 cm2/s, and that the initial concentration of estrogen in the extracellular fluid is 1 ng/mL and 0 in the cytoplasm.What is the molar oconcentration of 30g KCl and 30g of CaCl2 added to 50 dL of DI water? a.) what is the molar concerntration of Ca2+ b.) what is the molar concentration of K+ c.) what is the molar concentration of Cl- d.) what is the osmolarity of this solution? e.) what is the tonicity of this solution?• Describe the concept of transport maximum (Tm). • Explain the membrane potential and the equilibrium potential. • What information does the Nernst Equation provide? What is the limitation inherent to the Nernst Potential?
