4.Thermodynamics 4.1 Indicate changes (+,-, negligible) in AH, AS, and AG as hydrocarbon chains begin to aggregate in water. Provide a brief justification for each selection.
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- Which statements are true for Sn1 1. synchromous process 2. rearrangement is possibleThe Ksp of PbCl2 is 1.7x10-5 at 25oC. What is DGo? Is it possible to prepare a solution that contains Pb2+(aq) and Cl2(aq), at their standard-state concentrations?According to Schwabe and Wagner, the heats of combustion in a constant-volume calorimeter for fumaric and maleic acids are -1337.21 kJ mol-1 and -1360.43 kJ mol-1, respectively, at approximately 25 °C. What is the enthalpy of isomerization of maleic acid into fumaric acid in kJ mol-1?
- The compound is Methyl Acetate. Referencing applicable thermodynamic data, calculate the ΔH° of combustion, ΔS° of combustion, ΔG°, of the compound assigned to you. Please include references for any data you've sourced (e.g., pages from the CRC Handbook, website, publications, etc.). ΔH° of combustion = ΔS° of combustion = ΔG° = Is this reaction spontaneous? Is this reaction endo- or exo- thermic? Does the entropy increase or decrease?Given the following reaction: 2Fe3+(aq) + Sn2+(aq) < -------- 2Fe2+ (aq) + Sn4+(aq) and also that Fe2+and Sn4+ = 0.0355M and Fe3+and Sn2+ = 0.100M, E0Sn = 0.154V, and E0Fe = 0.770V. Calculate E0CELL and ECELL at 25 0CThermodynamics Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K (25⁰C) Substance ∆H⁰f (kJ/mol) ∆G⁰f (kJ/mol) S (J/K-mol) Carbon C2H2(g) 226.7 209.2 200.8 C2H4(g) 52.30 68.11 219.4 Hydrogen H2(g) 0 0 130.58 Oxygen O2(g) 0 0 205.0 H2O(l) -285.83 -237.13 69.91 3. What is the value of ∆S⁰ for the catalytic hydrogenation of ethene to ethane: C2H4(g) + H2(g) → C2H6(g) + 2H2O(l) in J/K?
- A reaction for converting ketones to lactones, called theBaeyer–Villiger reaction, is used in the manufacture of plastics and pharmaceuticals.3-Chloroperbenzoic acid is shock-sensitive, however,and prone to explode. Also, 3-chlorobenzoic acid isa waste product. An alternative process being developeduses hydrogen peroxide and a catalyst consisting of tindeposited within a solid support. The catalyst is readilyrecovered from the reaction mixture. (a) What wouldyou expect to be the other product of oxidation of theketone to lactone by hydrogen peroxide? (b) What principlesof green chemistry are addressed by use of the proposedprocess?Ca2+ and CO32- are dissolved in a beaker of sea water at 298 K, resulting in formation of a CaCO3precipitate:Ca2+ (aq) + CO32- (aq) ⇋ CaCO3 (s) ΔH0 = 13.44 kJ mol-1, ΔS0 = -120 J mol-1 K-1(i) Determine the direction of spontaneity under standard state conditions.(ii) Determine ΔG when [Ca2+] = 0.01 mol dm-3 and [CO32-] = 45 μmol dm-3. The activity coefficients of Ca2+ and CO32- in sea water are 0.28 and 0.21 respectively.Jansen Gas creates three types of aviation gasoline(avgas), labeled A, B, and C. It does this by blendingfour feedstocks: Alkylate; Catalytic CrackedGasoline; Straight Run Gasoline; and Isopentane.Jansen’s production manager, Dave Wagner, hascompiled the data on feedstocks and gas types inTables 4.6 and 4.7. Table 4.6 lists the availabilitiesand values of the feedstocks, as well as their keychemical properties, Reid vapor pressure, and octanerating. Table 4.7 lists the gallons required, theprices, and chemical requirements of the three gastypes. Table 4.6 Data on Feedstocks Feedstock Alkylate CCG SRG Isopentane Gallons available (1000s) 140 130 140 110 Value per gallon $4.50 $2.50 $2.25 $2.35 Reid vapor pressure 5 8 4 20 Octane (low TEL) 98 87 83 101 Octane (high TEL) 107 93 89 108 Table 4.7 Data on Gasoline Gasoline A B C Gallons required (1000s) 120 130 120 Price per gallon $3.00 $3.50 $4.00 Max Reid pressure 7 7 7 Min octane 90 97 100 TEL level Low High High Note that each feedstock…
- From the following equation with their corresponding equilibrium constants at 298 K,find the Kc of the reaction given below.When a neutralization reaction was carried out using 100.0 mL of 0.7890M NH3 water and 100.0 mL of 0.7940M acetic acid, ΔT was found to be 4.76 °C. The specific heat of the reaction mixture was 4.104 J g-l K-1 and its density was 1.03 g mL-1. The calorimeter constant was 3.36 JK-1 a) Calculate ΔH neutralization for the reaction of NH3 and acetic acid. b) At the end of the experiment, it was discovered that the thermometer had not been calibrated. When it was calibrated, it was found that the thermometer read 0.50 °C low. What effect would this thermometer reading have on the reported DH neutralization calculated above? c) When the temperature-time data graph was reviewed, it was found that an error had been made in determining ΔT. Instead of 4.76 °C, ΔT was actually 4.70 °C. Based on this change only, calculate the correct ΔH neutralization for the reaction of NH3, and acetic acid. d) Calculate the percent error for the correct ΔH neutralization if aΔ DT of 4.76 °C had been used.…When a neutralization reaction was carried out using 100.0 mL of 0.7890M NH3 water and 100.0 mL of 0.7940M acetic acid, ΔT was found to be 4.76 °C. The specific heat of the reaction mixture was 4.104 J g-l K-1 and its density was 1.03 g mL-1. The calorimeter constant was 3.36 JK-1 a) Calculate ΔH neutralization for the reaction of NH3 and acetic acid. b) At the end of the experiment, it was discovered that the thermometer had not been calibrated. When it was calibrated, it was found that the thermometer read 0.50 °C low. What effect would this thermometer reading have on the reported DH neutralization calculated above? c) When the temperature-time data graph was reviewed, it was found that an error had been made in determining ΔT. Instead of 4.76 °C, ΔT was actually 4.70 °C. Based on this change only, calculate the correct ΔH neutralization for the reaction of NH3, and acetic acid. d) Calculate the percent error for the correct ΔH neutralization if aΔ DT of 4.76 °C had been used.…