Background information for problem #5In humans there is a gene that controls formation of hemoglobin (the proteinin red blood cells {RBC's} that is responsible for carrying oxygen to thetissues of the body). The normal allele of this gene codes for normalhemoglobin. However, there is another allele for this gene that contains amutation in the DNA and the resulting hemoglobin protein is defective. AnRBC with this defective hemoglobin will, under stress, crystallize within thecell and cause a characteristic sickle shape. While the letters S and s areoften used to represent these alleles, in reality neither is dominant to theother (codominant). Someone who is SS makes all normal hemoglobin,someone who is ss makes all abnormal hemoglobin (someone who hassickle-cell anemia), and someone who is Ss essentially has two sets ofinstructions (and so makes some of each kind of hemoglobin; often referredto as sickle-cell trait). Because the RBC's of a person who is ss contain allabnormal hemoglobin, they will sickle very easily, with very little stressrequired to provoke that activity. Those abnormally shaped cells will thenget lodged in small capillaries as they move through them, leading to strokes,heart attacks, and pulmonary embolisms that can ultimately lead to death.Because only some of the RBC's of a person who is Ss contain abnormalhemoglobin, that person usually only has trouble with a lot of cells sickling ifthey are under a lot of stress trying to meet a higher than normal oxygendemand, and so the chances of a person dying from sickle-cell trait are muchlower than for full blown sickle-cell anemia.Now, malaria is a parasitic disease that is prevalent in tropical areas. When amosquito that is carrying the parasites bites someone, the parasites enter theperson's bloodstream, and invade and live in the person's RBC's. However,if a person has sickle-cell anemia (ss), the presence of a parasite in an RBC isso stressful, it causes the RBC to crinkle up and when that happens theparasite is killed before it can multiply and spread to other RBC's. As aresult, a person who is ss is immune to malaria. If a person is Ss and amalaria parasite tries to invade an RBC with abnormal hemoglobin, again theRBC will sickle, killing the parasite before it has a chance to reproduce. If aparasite invades am RBC with normal hemoglobin, it will be able to live andmultiply, but if its offspring invade other RBC's with abnormal hemoglobin,they too, will be killed. As a result, a person who is Ss is resistant (althoughnot totally immune) to malaria. If a person is SS and has all normalhemoglobin, the malaria parasites do just fine. Thus, an SS person usuallydies, eventually, from causes related to the malaria. 5.) A man and a woman living in a tropical area where malaria is prevalentand health care is not accessible have seven children during their lifetime.The genotypes of their children are: ss, Ss, SS, ss, Ss, Ss, and SS. Whatmust the genotypes of both parents be? Your answer should include aPunnett square to illustrate your work, and list all the genotypes andphenotypes.6.) In the previous problem, which of their children would you expect to liveto adulthood and reproduce? Explain.

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