5. Consider Paola willingness to pay to obtain a specific good and her willingness to accept to trade the same good. Let her utility function be given by u(x1, x2) = x+ 0.5 0.5 a) Briefly explain why the willingness to pay and the willingness to accept for the same person over the same good may diverge. b) Assume that her wealth is given by w = 200 , and the price of good 2 is defined as P2 = 2, so that x = 100, if the demand for good 1 is zero. Derive the maximum willingness to pay and the minimum willingness to accept for 25 units of good 1, and identify which measure of value is larger? c) How does your answer change if instead we considered only 1 unit of good1?
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- 4. Show how to construct the reference dependent utility function for two friends Kate and Mary whose gains and losses are listed as follows : Kate's net worth is $ 4.5 million ( decreased from $ 5.5 to $ 4.5 million ) Mary's net worth $ 3.2 million ( increased from $ 3 to $ 3.2 million ) ( First determine the reference point ( use a parameter ) and then derive reference utility function for each ) .Assume an individual spends all of the their income on a bundle comprised of good #1 and good #2. In particular, their utility function is given by: U(q1,q2) = q12/3q21/3 Assume the price of good #1 is $1 (p1=1) and the price of good #2 is $3 (p2=3). What must the individual's income be if they maximize their utility by purchasing 10 units of good #1?1.Suppose that Chris's utility function is given by UC=QC1/2 RC1/2 , where QC and RC are his consumption of Q and R, respectively. Dana's utility function is given by UD=QD1/3 RD2/3, where QD and RD are her consumption of Q and R, respectively. Write an equation for the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) between Q and R for each of the two agents. 2.Suppose that the price of good R is pR=1 and the price of good Q is pQ=2. How much is Chris's and Dana's initial income, given his endowments and given these prices? 3. At these prices, how many units of Q would Chris and Dana want to consume? 4. At these prices, how many units of R would Chris and Dana want to consume?
- 3. A firm that is located in country H, where price levels are p = (1,1), needs to send one of its two employees to its branch in country F. However, in country F price levels are p′ ≫ p, so the firm will have to pay additional salary to ensure that its employee is equally well-off in country F as she was in country H. Suppose the utility functions of the two employees are u1(x1, x2) = x1 + x2 and u2(x1, x2) = min {x1, x2}. The two employees are otherwise identical, including current salary. If the firm wants to minimize the additional salary it needs to pay, which employee should it send? Explain.Alex preferences over cake, c, and money, m, can be represented by the utility functionu (c, m) = c + m + µ (c − rc) + µ (m − rm)where rc is his cake reference point, rm is his money reference point, and the function µ (·) isdefined as µ (z) = z , z ≥ 0 and λz, z < 0 where λ > 0. 1. If his reference point is the status quo (that is, his initial endowment), what is themaximum price Sam would be willing to pay to buy a cake?2. If his reference point is the status quo, what is the minimum price Sam would be willingto accept to sell a cake he already owned?Suppose that each week Fiona buys 16 peaches and 4 apples at her local farmer's market. Both kinds of fruit cost $1 each. From this we can infer that: If Fiona is maximizing her utility, then her marginal utility from the 16th peach she buys must be greater than her marginal utility from the 4th apple she buys. Fiona is not maximizing her utility. If Fiona is maximizing her utility, then her marginal utility from the 16th peach she buys must be equal to her marginal utility from the 4th apple she buys. The law of diminishing marginal utility does not hold for Fiona.
- Joanna is playing blackjack for real money. She has reference-dependent preferences overmoney: if her earnings are m and her reference point is r, then her utility is v(m − r), wherethe value function v satisfies v(x) = √x for x ≥ 0, and v(x) = −2√−x for x ≤ 0a) Graph Joanna’s utility function as a function of m − rb) Does Joanna’s utility function satisfy loss aversion? Does it satisfy diminishingsensitivity?Suppose that Joanna has linear probability weights (that is, she does NOT have prospecttheory’s non-linear probability weighting function). Hence, if she has a fifty-fifty chance ofgetting amounts m and m′, and her reference point is r, her expected utility is1/2v(m − r) + 1/2v(m′− r) (2)For parts (c), (d), and (e), assume that Joanna’s reference point is $0 (that is, no winsor losses) and answer the following questions for each part: (i) What is the g for whichJoanna would be indifferent between not gambling and taking fifty-fifty win $g or lose$4 gamble? (ii) Does this reflect…Irene spends all of her income M on soda and chips. The price of soda is 2 per unit. Irene’s utility function is U (s, c) = 5 ln(1 + s) + ln(1 + c).Hint: throughout the question, you can assume M ≥ 50 and pc ≤ 8 (these assumptions just rule out the possibility of corner solutions, but do not affect the way we solve the problem). (a) Derive Irene’s demand function for chips (as a function of her income and the price of chips). (b) Are chips an inferior good for Irene? Is the magnitude of the (total) effect of a decrease in price of chips greater or smaller than the corresponding substitution effect. (c) Obtain Irene’s inverse demand function for chips when her income is M = 50. Show that this function is decreasing and convex. is irenes engel curve upward or downward sloping? explainIrene spends all of her income M on soda and chips. The price of soda is 2 per unit. Irene’s utility function is U (s, c) = 5 ln(1 + s) + ln(1 + c).Hint: throughout the question, you can assume M 》= 50 and pc 《 = 8 (these assumptions just rule out the possibility of corner solutions, but do not affect the way we solve the problem). (a) Derive Irene’s demand function for chips (as a function of her income and the price of chips). (b) Are chips an inferior good for Irene? Is the magnitude of the (total) effect of a decrease in price of chips greater or smaller than the corresponding substitution effect? (c) Obtain Irene’s inverse demand function for chips when her income is M = 50. Show that this function is decreasing and convex. (d) Is Irene’s Engel curve upward sloping or downward sloping? Explain in detail.
- Consider the choice between the following two lotteries.L1 = (0, 0.2; 200, 0.8) ;L2 = (0, 0.6; 300, 0.4).Now consider a choice between another pair of lotteriesL3 = (0, 0.6; 200, 0.4) ;L4 = (0, 0.8; 300, 0.2)Suppose that a decision maker prefers the lottery L1 to the lottery L2 andderives zero utility from an outcome of zero. If the decision maker followsexpected utility theory, which lottery among L3 and L4 will the decision makerchoose?Student question Time Left :00:09:43Suppose there are two consumers, A and B. The utility functions of each consumer are given by: UA(X,Y) = 2X + Y UB(X,Y) = Min(X,Y) The initial endowments are: A: X = 5; Y = 3 B: X = 2; Y = 2 a. Illustrate the initial endowments in an Edgeworth Box. Be sure to label the Edgeworth Box carefully and accurately, and make sure the dimensions of the box are correct. Also, draw each consumer’s indifference curve that runs through the initial endowments. Is this initial endowment Pareto Efficient? b. Now suppose Consumer A gets all of both goods. Is this allocation Pareto Efficient? (You do not need to draw a new graph or illustrate this on the existing graph. Simply answer “yes” or “no.”) c. Now suppose Consumer B gets all of both goods. Is this allocation Pareto Efficient? (You do not need to draw a new graph or illustrate this on the existing graph. Simply answer “yes” or “no.”)The following data pertain to products A and B, both of which are purchased by Madame X. Initially, the prices of the products and quantities consumed are: PA = $10, QA = 3, PB = $10, QB = 7. Madame X has $100 to spend per time period. After a reduction in price of B, the prices and quantities consumed are: PA = $10, QA = 2.5, PB = $5, QB = 15. Assume that Madame X maximizes utility under both price conditions above. Also, note that if after the price reduction enough income were taken away from Madame X to put her back on the original indifference curve, she would consume this combination of A and B: QA = 1.5, QB = 9 Determine the change in consumption rate of good B due to (1) the substitution effect and (2) the income effect. Determine if product B is a normal, inferior, or Giffen good. Explain.