57.When existing firms lose customers and profits due to entry of a new competitor, a Select one: O a. a.predatory-pricing externality occurs. O b. b.consumption externality occurs. c. c.business-stealing externality occurs. Od. d.product-variety externality occurs. correct The correct answer is: c.business-stealing externality occurs.
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- 1. Decide whether the following are true, false, or uncertain and thoroughly explain your reasoning. (a) If AC > MC at the firm's chosen output level, then the firm is producing on the upward sloping part of its AC curve. (b) When an unregulated market creates positive externalities it tends to produce too little and when it creates negative externalities tends to produce too much. (c) Charging a toll on an uncongested highway increases total surplus because this creates revenue to pay for building and maintaining the highway. (d) Charging a toll on a congested bridge increases total surplus because it reduces the number of drivers and thereby reduces congestion. (e) If a public good cannot be paid for through user fees, then it should not be provided. (F) The costs of National Parks should be covered by charging admission fees, because we shouldn't have National Parks if the people who use them are not willing to pay enough to cover these costs. (g) You have been offered an…3. a) Suppose a monopolistically competitive firm operates in a long run which produces 40 umits of output at 120 taka per-unit cost (average total cost). Also, MC of producing 40-unit output is 60 taka. By using this information, show the long run situation of a monopolistically competitive firm in an appropriate diagram. Show all the relevant information in your diagram. b) Calculate cxcess capacity if socially efficient output is 100 units. Show it in graph too. [Note: a) and b) are related questions]1. Decide whether the following are true, false, or uncertain and thoroughly explain your reasoning. (a) (Review) If AC > MC at the firm’s chosen output level, then the firm is producing on the upward sloping part of its AC curve. (b) When an unregulated market creates positive externalities it tends to produce too little and when it creates negative externalities tends to produce too much. (c) Charging a toll on an uncongested highway increases total surplus because this creates revenue to pay for building and maintaining the highway. (d) Charging a toll on a congested bridge increases total surplus because it reduces the number of drivers and thereby reduces congestion. (e) If a public good cannot be paid for through user fees, then it should not be provided. (f) The costs of National Parks should be covered by charging admission fees, because we shouldn’t have National Parks if the people who use them are not willing to pay enough to cover these costs. (g) You have been offered…
- Consider the case of global environmental problems that spill across international borders as a prisoners dilemma of the sort studied in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly. Say that there are two countries, A and B. Each country can cheese whether to protect the environment, at a cost of 10, or not to protect it, at a cost of zero. If one country decides to protect the environment, there is a benefit of 16, but the benefit is divided equally between the two countries. If both countries decide to protect the environment, there is a benefit of 32, which is divided equally between the two centuries. In Table 12.10, fill in the costs, benefits, and total payoffs to the countries of the following decisions. Explain why, without some international agreement, they are likely to end up with neither country acting to protect the environment.Questions: 1A) If MU Café, which is a monopolistically competitive firm, is making a positive profit in the short run, why might this profit become zero in the long run? 1B) If MU Café wants to keep the profit positive in the long run, what can it do? Provide ONE suggestion and briefly explain. 1C) What externality problem do you expect in the market for plastic bags? How does the government correct the inefficiency of the market? Explain in detail and diagram.3. Consider a competitive industry with production valued according to a MB = 200 - Q and production entails a private marginal cost MC = 50 + 2Q but also an external cost MCE = 30 + 2Q associated to air pollution resulting from the production process. (c) Assuming that the producers do not have the right to pollute the air but they can legally buy the rights from potential victims, what price pR would they pay for those rights (assume that one right to pollute allows to produce one unit of output)? What quantity of output will producers produce if they have to buy the pollution rights? Is this solution efficient? (d) Answer question (c) for an alternative scenario in which the firms have the right to pollute but potential victims can buy them from them in order to prevent them from polluting too much.
- 4. Please explain: a. Why positive externalities as a market failure. Explain how subsidy works on this condition. Give the example of positive externalities also show in the curve. b. How to find nash equilibrium or equilibria2. Suppose that emissions of sulfur dioxide are managed via a Cap-and-Trade policy. In this circumstance, how can an environmental group, such as Greenpeace, reduce emissions of this pollutant? Explain your answer. How would it effectively result in a reduction in emissions? What is the main obstacle for Greenpeace to achieve this? 3. Explain why a Cap-and-Trade program is more likely to be efficient than a standard. Be specific. 4. Explain why the firm’s MAC-curve is its demand curve for pollution permits.(a) Explain the difference between a positive externality and a negative externality and why each result in an equilibrium point that is not optimal for society. (b) which externality results in an equilibrium quantity that is higher than the optimal social quantity of a good? (c) how can the impact of the externality in part b be corrected?
- 7. Define the principles of diminishing marginal utility and increasing marginal costs. How are they relevant to the equilibrium point? 8. How do you market systems achieve perfect efficiency? 9. In what three wats do perfectly competitive free markets establish perfect morality?1. Suppose that the Marginal Abatement Cost function and the Marginal Damage function for an industry are given as follows: For simplicity here, we are assuming that they are linear. a. Graph the MAC and MD curves for this industry. Make sure you are marking out any and all relevant axis intercepts. MAC 100- 0.8e MD = 0.2e b. Suppose that an emission tax is imposed to achieve the efficient outcome, at what value should the government set the tax? Explain. c. e. At the efficient tax established in part b. what is the expected level of emissions? Explain. d. At the efficient tax, what is the dollar amount of the tax payment by firms to the government? Explain. What is the total abatement cost incurred due to the tax? Explain. f. What is the total cost to the firm with this emissions tax? Explain. g. Which policy is more costly to the polluting firm? An efficient standard or an efficient emissions tax? Explain. Use numbers to support your answer. Hint for Question 1: remember from basic…1. Give an example of a positive externality and an example of a negative externality. Be sure to explain for each. 2. In a market without environmental regulations, will the supply curve for a firm take into account private costs, external costs, both, or neither? Explain. 3. Would environmentalists favor command-and-control policies as a way to reduce pollution? Why or why not? Explain.