72. Explain the basics of the interactions between ligands (chemical messengers)and their receptors. Explain the three factors that influence the magnitude of atarget cell's response to ligand binding.

Cell signaling relies on ligand-receptor interactions to regulate physiological processes and…

Answered: 72. Explain the basics of the…

Biology 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172517

Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Publisher:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark

Chapter9: Cell Communication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 26CTQ: Cells grown in the laboratory are mixed with a dye molecule that is unable to pass through the...

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Cells grown in the laboratory are mixed with a dye molecule that is unable to pass through the plasma membrane. If a ligand is added to the cells, observations show that the dye enters the cells. What type of receptor did the ligand bind to on the cell surface?
Trace the sequence of events in signal transduction for each of the following second messengers: cyclic AMP, inositol trisphosphate (IP3), diacylglycerol (DAG), and calcium ions.
What is the difference between intracellular signaling and intercellular signaling?
Histamine binds to the H1 G-protein-linked receptor to initiate the itchiness and airway constriction associated with an allergic response. If a mutation in the associated G-protein’s alpha subunit prevented the hydrolysis of GTP how would the allergic response change? More severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling. Less severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling. No allergic response. No change compared to normal G-protein signaling.
(ii) Considering the entropic contributions to ligand-receptor binding discuss how the strength of ligand-receptor binding for the molecule below may be affected by changing the double bond (1) to a single bond and removal of the hydroxyl group (2)
), create a simple flowchart depicting the MC1R pathway. There should be a minimum of five steps in the pathway. Be sure to include reception (protein binding to its ligand), a portion of the transduction pathway (what’s the intracellular reaction? What molecule works intracellularly?), and the cellular response (What’s produced from the cell?).
Explain the function of histidine 57 in the mechanism of chymotrypsin.
6. Define a receptor tyrosine kinase and distinguish it from a serine/threonine kinase. (As we discuss ANY kinase in signalling pathways, pay close attention to what type of kinase it is...does it phosphorylate serene/threonine resides or tyrosine residues?)
With the aid of diagrams describe the signalling pathway involving inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate from ligand binding to intracellular effects (65%). In your answer explain how it is synthesised from the membrane phospholipid and, excluding receptor agonists, provide two examples of drugs that modulate activity in the pathway (35%).
27) One of the main differences between receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling and G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is that: GPCR signaling involves enzyme cascades, while RTK signaling does not. Only RTK signaling involves kinase activity. Only GPCR signaling involves a GTPase. GPCR signaling is more likely to have a short-term, reversible effect.
2. Describe the three domains of a receptor tyrosine kinase. Explain the structure of the transmembrane domain and the amino acid composition and arrangement of this part of the receptor
Ion channel-coupled receptors • G-protein-coupled receptors • Enzyme-linked receptors • Briefly describe what a G-protein is (explain by using the words GTPase, GTP and GDT) • Briefly describe how a G-protein-coupled receptor for the signal / information further into • Briefly describe how an enzyme-linked receptor carries the signal / information further into the cell.

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72. Explain the basics of the interactions between ligands (chemical messengers) and their receptors. Explain the three factors that influence the magnitude of a target cell's response to ligand binding.