9. What is sphingosine? For lipids with a sphingosine backbone, to what carbons are the otherfunctional groups attached? How many acyl tails attach to sphingosine to make a sphingolipid?10. Compare and contrast the structure of sphingomyelins with glycerophopholipids.11. Which of the following statements is true? Please briefly explain why the false statements arefalse.A. Phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin are evenly distributed at the two monolayers of plasmamembrane.B. Phosphotidylserine is enriched at the inner leaflet of transport vesicles.C. In sphingolipids, the fatty acid tail is linked to its backbone via an ester bond.D. Common glycerophospholipids often carry positive charges at physiological pH.E. Lipases are enzymes that can cut structural lipids at different locations

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Answered: 9. What is sphingosine? For lipids with…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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13. The structures of sphingosine and choline are given below. Draw the condensed structure and block diagram of the sphingolipid formed from these molecules and a molecule of myristic acid. CH3-(CH2)12-CH=CH-CH-OH CH₂ CH3-N-CH2-CH2-OH CH-NH2 sphingosine CH2-OH CH3 choline BLOCK DIAGRAM (draw below) CONDENSED STRUCTURE 14. Which fatty acid below should have the highest melting point? Why? Explain your answer based on structure and forces of attraction. OH O OH TOH OH
6. b. Draw a box around the disulfide bridge in oxytocin, if present, or write "none". 7. Mark each peptide bond in oxytocin by making the corresponding line in the structure thicker or marking it with a different color. The first one is shown for you as an example (in dark orange). 8. Number the central carbon of each amino acid in oxytocin by pointing a small arrow to it or by circling the corresponding vertex in the image. Numbers 1 and 2 indicate the central carbons of the first and second amino acids of oxytocin, and are shown for you as an example. 9. Fill out the following table, listing amino acids that make up oxytocin in order, from the N terminus to the C terminus, characterizing each amino acid by the properties of its R group (side chains), and briefly indicating the reasoning for the characterization. You may consult amino acid groupings by category in the slides (or the textbook, p.49), but you must explain the reasoning for each in your own words. CO 1 AA# Abbre- Full…
1. An oligosaccharide is a repeating unit of a-D-galactopyranosyl- (a-1- 3)-allopyranoside. Each of the disaccharide unit is linked via B-1-->4 glycosidic bond. Identify and draw the molecular structure. Identify and draw the structure. The oligosaccharide has 10 monosaccharide residue a. Upon the action of alpha-glycosidase, identify and draw all the possible products. b. What is the L-isomer of the Fisher projection of one epimer of D-allopyronoside. Draw the structure. Why is this an epimer of the monosaccharide? c. Is this saccharide a good substrate for glycolysis? Why or why not?
Which of the following statements is/are true? 1. Sphingolipids all have a palmitate derivative that is ester-linked to the sphingosine backbone. 2. The addition of cholesterol will always lead to an increase in the rigidity of a lipid bilayer. 3. Glycolipids may have a sphingosine or a glycerol backbone to which a sugar moiety is attached. 4. All lipid molecules are characterized by the presence of a carboxylic acid functional group. O 1 and 2 O 1 only O 2 and 3 O 3 only O 1,3, and 4
4. Draw structures for the following fatty acids: a. 16:1 or palmitoleic or 9-Hexadecanoic acid b. 18:3*2 a-linoleic acid or 9,12,15 Octadecatrienoic acid 5. Draw and name a typical triacylglycerol. 6. Explain why the flip-flop rate of phospholipids in biological membranes is far greater than in artificial lipid membranes.
1. For the following trisaccharide: a. Provide the abbreviated name b. Draw the chemical structure using Haworth projections c. Identify the trisaccharide as reducing or nonreducing. Label the nonreducing and reducing ends (if present) of the molecule. O-B-D-N-acetylgalactofuranosyl-(1>4)-a-D-mannopyranosyl-(1>6)-D-3-deoxyglucopyranose
2) What is glycoside ? In neutral and basic solutions, glycosides do not show mutarotation. However, if the solutions are made acidic, glycosides show mutarotation. Explain why? And write a mutarotation mechanism.
1. Draw the structure of the omega-6 fatty acid 16:1. Give the (simplified) systematic name of the fatty acid.
2. A. hand-draw the chemical structures of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, DPPC (also known as lecithin, although lecithin is a more general name and can refer to other chemical structures). B. Where is DPPC found in a cell? C. Is this a lipid, carbohydrate, protein or nucleic acid? Do not leave any "R" groups in the structure that you draw.
1. Draw the structure of the following fatty acids: (a) Stearic acid (b) Arachidonic acid 2. Draw the structure of 1-palmitoleyl-2-linolenyl-3-stearyl triacylglyceride 3. Draw the structure of 1-linolenyl-2-arachidyl-3-phosphatidylserine 4. Draw the structure of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, which has a keto group at carbon 3 instead of a hydroxyl group, the double bond at carbon 4 instead at carbon 5, and a hydroxyl group instead of the alkyl group at carbon 17. 5. Why are polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids considered as good for our health? Explain such phenomena based on their chemical structure.
1. Draw the structures of two dipeptides: aspartic acid-glutamine and methionine-isoleucine with NH₂ and COOH at the amine and carboxylic acid ends. Show the abbreviations for both dipeptides using three-letter abbreviations and 1-letter abbreviations for the amino acid residues.
A repeating unit of -D-glucopyranosyl-(-1—->6)-allopyranoside is called an oligosaccharide. A -1 —->4 glycosidic bond connects each disaccharide unit. Make a diagram of the molecular structure. There are ten monosaccharide residues in the oligosaccharide.a. Upon the action of beta glucosidase, draw the molecular structure of all possible resulting products. Briefly explain your answer b. Draw the L-isomer of the Fisher projection of one epimer of D-glucopyranoside. Explain why this is an epimer of the monosaccharide.c. Is this oligosaccharide a good substrate for glycolysis? Why or why not? Provide two reasons and discuss comprehensively.

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