9.2.8 Antibiotic Efficacies Eight cultures of a bacterium are split in half. One half is tested using a standard antibiotic and the other half is tested using a new antibiotic. The data values in DS 9.2.8 are the times taken to kill the bacterium. Use an appropriate hypothesis test to assess whether there is any evidence that the new antibiotic is quicker than the standard antibiotic.
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- Researchers interested in lead exposure due to car exhaust sampled the blood of 52 police officers subjected to constant inhalation of automobile exhaust fumes while working traffic enforcement in a primarily urban environment. The blood samples of these officers had an average lead concentration of 124.32 µg/l and a SD of 37.74 µg/l; a previous study of individuals from a nearby suburb, with no history of exposure, found an average blood level concentration of 35 µg/l. Test the hypothesis that the downtown police officers have a higher lead exposure than the group in the previous study. Interpret your results in context. Based on your preceding result, without performing a calculation, would a 99% confidence interval for the average blood concentration level of police officers contain 35 µg/l? Based on your preceding result, without performing a calculation, would a 99% confidence interval for this difference contain 0? Explain why or why not.Researchers interested in lead exposure due to car exhaust sampled the blood of 52 police officers subjected to constant inhalation of automobile exhaust fumes while working traffic enforcement in a primarily urban environment. The blood samples of these officers had an average lead concentration of 124.32 µg/l and an SD of 37.74 µg/l; a previous study of individuals from a nearby suburb, with no history of exposure, found an average blood level concentration of 35 µg/l. Write down the hypotheses that would be appropriate for testing if the police officers appear to have been exposed to a higher concentration of lead. Explicitly state and check all conditions necessary for inference on these data. Test the hypothesis that the downtown police officers have a higher lead exposure than the group in the previous study. Interpret your results in context. Based on your preceding result, without performing a calculation, would a 99% confidence interval for the average blood concentration…Compare the two separate scatterplots. In particular, how do the associtation compare between women with pets vs. women without pets? Does one group have more variation in systolic blood pressure than the other? If so, for which group? Does systolic blood pressure seem higher for common ages between the two groups? If so, for which group?
- Consider a cohort study to compare the mortality rate of myocardial infarction (MI) in men with sedentary work (exposed group) to men with physically active work (unexposed). If in the exposed, there were 36,000 person (man) years of observation and 126 deaths whereas the unexposed had 24,000 man-years of observation and 44 deaths. Compute the following a) Mortality rate in each cohort? b) What is the relative risk of dying, comparing these 2 groups? c) What is the attributable risk of sedentary work? d) What is the attributable benefit of physical activity? e) If we assume that MI is associated with the mortality in this cohort (causality), what proportion of the disease in the higher group is potentially preventable?Consider the following: In general, when people diet they typically lose 10 lbs. (?σ = 2). A random sample of 16 people on the keto diet lost 15 lbs. Do people on the keto diet lose more or less weight than people on diets in general? -Weight loss in the keto diet sample does differ from weight loss in the population of dieters in general (H1: X-bar does not equal Mu) -On average, weight loss in the keto diet sample does not differ from weight loss in the population of dieters in general. (H0: X-bar = Mu)) Question: 1. What is μxbar? 2.What is σxbar?Consider the following: In general, when people diet they typically lose 10 lbs. (?σ = 2). A random sample of 16 people on the keto diet lost 15 lbs. Do people on the keto diet lose more or less weight than people on diets in general? -Weight loss in the keto diet sample does differ from weight loss in the population of dieters in general (H1: X-bar does not equal Mu) -On average, weight loss in the keto diet sample does not differ from weight loss in the population of dieters in general. (H0: X-bar = Mu)) Question: 1. What is ?????? 2.What is ??????
- For some genetic mutations, it is thought that the frequency of the mutant gene in men increases linearly with age. If m1 is the frequency at age t1, and m2 is the frequency at age t2, then the yearly rate of increase is estimated by r = (m2 − m1)/(t2 − t1). In a polymerase chain reaction assay, the frequency in 20-year-old men was estimated to be 17.7 ± 1.7 per μgDNA, and the frequency in 40-year-old men was estimated to be 35.9 ± 5.8 per μg DNA. Assume that age is measured with negligible uncertainty.a) Estimate the yearly rate of increase, and find the uncertainty in the estimate.b) Find the relative uncertainty in the estimated rate of increase.A study was undertaken to determine whether there was a significant weight (in lb) loss after one year course of therapy for diabetes, and whether the amount of weight (in lb) loss was related to initial weight. The following table gives the initial weight (x) and weight after one year of therapy (y) for 16 newly diagnosed adult diabetic patients.In a classic study, Shrauger (1972) examined the effect of an audience on performance for two groups of participants: high self-esteem and low self-esteem individuals. The participants in the study were given a problem-solving task with half of the individuals in each group working alone and a half working with an audience. Performance on the problem-solving task was measured for each individual. The results showed that the presence of an audience had little effect on high self-esteem participants but significantly lowered the performance for the low self-esteem participants. a. How many factors does this study have? What are they? b. Describe this study using the notation system that indicates factors and numbers of levels of each factor.
- In a study attempting to replicate findings by Stephens, Atkins, & Kingston (2009), each participant was asked to plunge a hand into the icy water and keep it there as long as the pain would allow. In one condition, the participants repeated their favorite curse words while their hands were in the water. In the other condition, they repeated neutral words. The original research showed that, in addition to lowering the participants’ perception of pain, swearing also increased the amount of time they were able to tolerate the pain. Data similar to the results obtained in the study are shown in the following table: _____________Amount of Time (in Seconds)_ Participant Swear Words Neutral Words 1 94 59 2 70 61 3 52 47 4…In a study attempting to replicate findings by Stephens, Atkins, & Kingston (2009), each participant was asked to plunge a hand into the icy water and keep it there as long as the pain would allow. In one condition, the participants repeated their favorite curse words while their hands were in the water. In the other condition, they repeated neutral words. The original research showed that, in addition to lowering the participants’ perception of pain, swearing also increased the amount of time they were able to tolerate the pain. Data similar to the results obtained in the study are shown in the following table: _____________Amount of Time (in Seconds)_ Participant Swear Words Neutral Words 1 94 59 2 70 61 3 52 47 4…A researcher has developed a new drug designed to reduce blood pressure. In an experiment, 22 subjects were assigned randomly to the treatment group and received the new experimental drug. The other 24 subjects were assigned to the control group and received a standard, well-known treatment. After a suitable period, the reduction in blood pressure for each subject was recorded. A summary of these data is: nn x¯x¯ ss Treatment group (new drug) 22 23.48 8.01 Control group (old drug) 24 18.52 7.15 Without using software, how would you estimate the number of degrees of freedom for this problem? Select one: use the larger value, 23, chosen from the two options 21 and 23 use the smaller value, 22, chosen from the two options 22 and 24 use the larger value, 24, chosen from the two options 22 and 24 use the smaller value, 21, chosen from the two options 21 and 23
