A bolt gun includes spring of constant k= 11 N/m which is used to fire a bolt of mass M. The bolt leaves the gun at a speed of V = 5.9 m/s after the spring is compressed 1 cm. (A) what is the height fg in Newton’s, of the bolt? (B) what is the bolt speed when it hits the floor vf, in m/s, if it is fired horizontally at a height of h= 2 meters? (C) what angle, theta in degrees, does the bolts final velocity make with the horizontal?

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Helmholtz Free Energy

The Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential used to calculate the measure of useful work from a closed system. This system is kept at constant temperature and volume. German physicist Hermann Helmholtz introduced this concept in 1882.