A cell that is growing in extremely high temperatures is likely to have a very high activity of which enzyme? Topoisomerase I DNA Gyrase Reverse gyrase Topoisomerase IV
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- A cytosine is deaminated. Describe the outcome of this deamination and explain in detail how E. coli repairs this mutation using base excision repair (BER). This repair should contain 5 steps and describe the function of all enzymes or structures.Pol II is active when its tail is phosphorylated. Which of the following amino acids is present in the tail that gets phosphorylated? a. Tryptophan b. Cysteine c. Serine d. TyrosineA molecule that changes an enzyme's conformation so that its active site elsewhere on the enzyme can no longer bind substrate is known as a(n): Question 9 options: Topoisomerase Allosteric inhibitor Allosteric enhancer Competitive blocker
- Which of the following prokaryotic cells would probably not be “competent” at transformation? an Escherichia coli cell blasted with a “gene-gun” carrying DNA on gold particles an Escherichia coli cell treated with dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO) a Streptococcus pneumoniae cell with no special treatments an Escherichia coli cell with no special treatments E. an Escherichia coli cell treated with calciumIn prokaryotic RNA polymerases, the holoenzyme consists of the core enzyme and the: Question 22 options: rho factor transcription factor sigma factor omega factorPart A What kind of inhibition is imposed on HIV protease by ritonavir? O irreversible inhibition O reversible inhibition O uncompetitive inhibition. Submit Request Answer
- You are making use of a so called "blender'' to disrupt mammalian cells. You are however worried about the possibility of proteolytic activity. Write down a detailed explanation of how you would try to prevent this.Typically, spontaneous deamination results in what type of nucleobase conversion? 1. U to C 2. U to G 3. G to C 4. C to UIn prokaryotes, structural proteins in a single biochemical pathway are usually found as a(n) ________ within the genome. a. cluster b. polycistronic transcript c. operon
- When environmental conditions are optimized for promoting cellular growth, which statements are likely to be true? (choose all that apply). 1.Bacteriophage will enter the lytic cycle 2.Bacteriophage will enter the lysogenic cycle 3.Proteases will degrade cII 4.The transcription of cI will be activatedAntibiotics and Protein Synthesis Antibiotics are molecules produced by microorganisms as defense mechanisms. The most effective antibiotics work by interfering with essential biochemical or reproductive processes. Many antibiotics block or disrupt one or more stages in protein synthesis. Some of these are mentioned here. Tetracyclines are a family of chemically related compounds used to treat several types of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines interfere with the initiation of translation. The tetracycline molecule attaches to the small ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of the tRNA anticodon during initiation. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are sensitive to the action of tetracycline, but this antibiotic cannot pass through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Because tetracycline can enter bacterial cells to inhibit protein synthesis, it will stop bacterial growth, helping the immune system fight the infection. Streptomycin is used in hospitals to treat serious bacterial infections. It binds to the small ribosomal subunit but does not prevent initiation or elongation; however, it does affect the efficiency of protein synthesis. Binding of streptomycin changes the way mRNA codons interact with the tRNA. As a result, incorrect amino acids are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, producing nonfunctional proteins. In addition, streptomycin causes the ribosome to randomly fall off the mRNA, preventing the synthesis of complete proteins. Puromycin is not used clinically but has played an important role in studying the mechanism of protein synthesis in the research laboratory. The puromycin molecule is the same size and shape as a tRNA/amino acid complex. When puromycin enters the ribosome, it can be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, stopping further synthesis because no peptide bond can be formed between puromycin and an amino acid, causing the shortened polypeptide to fall off the ribosome. Chloramphenicol was one of the first broadspectrum antibiotics introduced. Eukaryotic cells are resistant to its actions, and it was widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, its use is limited to external applications and serious infections. Chloramphenicol destroys cells in the bone marrow, the source of all blood cells. In bacteria, this antibiotic binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the formation of peptide bonds. Another antibiotic, erythromycin, also binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the movement of ribosomes along the mRNA. Almost every step of protein synthesis can be inhibited by one antibiotic or another. Work on designing new synthetic antibiotics to fight infections is based on our knowledge of how the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein. Questions Why is targeting protein synthesis an effective strategy for preventing infection?A binding site for RNA polymerase is called a ________. a. gene c. codon b. promoter d. protein
