A certain amount of unemployment may be socially desirable because.. O a. A pool of unemployed workers provides an incentive to those employed to remain productive. O b. A pool of unemployed workers drives down the average wage in the economy and keeps workers from becoming greedy. O c. Unemployed workers are able to benefit from employment insurance. O d. When some workers become unemployed, it provides a chance for others in the labour force to become employed. O e. The time the worker spends unemployed is valuable for finding the most appropriate match with firms.
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- If you an? out of school but working part time, are you considered employed or unemployed in U.S. labor statistics? If you are a full time student and working 12 hours a week at the college cafeteria are you considered employed or not in the labor force? If you are a senior citizen who is collecting social security and a pension and working as a greater at Wal-Mart are you considered employed or not in the labor force?Structural unemployment is sometimes said toresult from a mismatch between the job skills thatemployers want and the job skills that workers have.To explore this idea, consider an economy withtwo industries: auto manufacturing and aircraftmanufacturing.a. If workers in these two industries requiresimilar amounts of training, and if workers atthe beginning of their careers can choose whichindustry to train for, what would you expect tohappen to the wages in these two industries? Howlong would this process take? Explain.b. Suppose that one day the economy opens itselfto international trade and, as a result, startsimporting autos and exporting aircraft. Whatwould happen to the demand for labor in thesetwo industries?c. Suppose that workers in one industry cannot bequickly retrained for the other. How would theseshifts in demand affect equilibrium wages both inthe short run and in the long run?d. If for some reason wages fail to adjust to the newequilibrium levels, what would occur?Suppose that Congress passes a law requiringemployers to provide employees some benefit (suchas healthcare) that raises the cost of an employee by$4 per hour.a. What effect does this employer mandate haveon the demand for labor? (In answering this andthe following questions, be quantitative whenyou can.)b. If employees place a value on this benefit exactlyequal to its cost, what effect does this employermandate have on the supply of labor?c. If the wage can freely adjust to balance supply anddemand, how does this law affect the wage andthe level of employment? Are employers better orworse off? Are employees better or worse off?d. Suppose that, before the mandate, the wage in thismarket was $3 above the minimum wage. In thiscase, how does the employer mandate affect thewage, the level of employment, and the level ofunemployment?e. Now suppose that workers do not value themandated benefit at all. How does this alternativeassumption change your answers to parts(b) and (c)?
- If the unemployment rate is 6% before a rise in government purchases, and if a rise in government purchases induces the typicalunemployed person to search 10% longer in the hopes of finding ahigh-paying government job, what will the unemployment rate beafter the rise in government purchases? Only consider the impactof this waiting-for-a-good-job effect.How would an increase in the world price of oil affect the amount oI fricnal unemployment? Is this unemployment undesirable? What publicpolicies mighIt affect the amoufll of unemployment caused by this price change?(a) Solve for the equilibrium wage and employment level.(b) Graph the demand and supply curves.(c) At this equilibrium, what is your welfare/gains from trade?(d) Now, assume a minimum wage has been implemented at $20. How will this impact yourdemand? Supply?(e) How many workers are displaced by this new policy? How much “extra” unemployment occurswith this new policy? Hint: Think about the reservation wage.(f) Graph the new labor demand and supply with this minimum wage.(g) At this equilibrium, what is your new welfare? Are you better off with this change? Explain.
- Workers are compensated by firms with benefits in addition to wages and salaries. The most prominent offered by many firms is health insurance. Suppose that in 2000, workers at one steel plant were paid $30 per hour and in addition received health benefits at the rate of $6 per hour. Also suppose that by 2010 workers at that plant were paid $31.50 per hour but received $13.5 in heakth insurance benefits. a. By what precentage did total compensation (wages plus benefits ) change at this plant from 2000 to 2010? Total compensation increased or decreased by________ percent? What was the approximate average annual percentage change in total compensation? b. By what percetage did wages change at this plant from 2000 to 2010? Wages increased or decreased by ______percent? What was the approximate average annual percentage in wages? c. If workers value a dollar of heath benefits as much as they value a dollar of wages, by what total percentage will they feel their incomes have risen over…Consider an economy with two labor markets—onefor manufacturing workers and one for serviceworkers. Suppose initially that neither is unionized.a. If manufacturing workers formed a union, whatwould you expect to happen to the wages andemployment in manufacturing?b. How would these changes in the manufacturinglabor market affect the supply of labor in themarket for service workers? What would happento the equilibrium wage and employment in thislabor market?E1 3. [Employment and Unemployment] Suppose a country has a working-age population of 500people. The demand and supply functions of its labor market are:w=300-0.5L w=60+0.1Lwhere w is the wage, L is the quantity of labor. The labor market has search friction so thatthose that are looking for a job may not immediately find one even when there are openings.Specifically, Assume the number of job matches (i.e. employment) is given by: 0.8L(a) Find the equilibrium wage and the actual number of employed people. Calculate thelabor force participation rate and unemployment rate. (b) The COVID-19 pandemic lowers the labor demand, and the new labor demand becomesw=240-0.5L. Assume that the wage can adjust quickly, find the equilibrium wage and theactual number of employed people during the pandemic. (c) Briefly explain in words, and with a specific example of each, the difference betweenstructural and frictional unemployment.
- When Alan Greenspan (an economist who wouldlater chair the Federal Reserve) ran a consulting firmin the 1960s, he primarily hired female economists. Heonce told the New York Times, “I always valued menand women equally, and I found that because othersdid not, good women economists were cheaper thanmen.” Is Greenspan’s behavior profit-maximizing? Isit admirable or despicable? If more employers werelike Greenspan, what would happen to the wagedifferential between men and women? Why mightother economic consulting firms at the time not havefollowed Greenspan’s business strategy?A proposal that is attracting increasing attention is a requirement that employers provide theirworkers with paid sick leave. This problem asks you to analyze the effects of such a policy on wages andemployment in normal times.a. How, if at all, would such a policy affect labor demand? (explain using MRP)b. How, if at all, would it affect labor supply? (explain using willingness to work)c. How, if at all, would the policy affect normal employment and the normal real wage (or is itnot possible to tell)? include graphsPart (a):Suppose that the demand for the Dates and supply of the Dates in Ramadan both are declined byequal amount over some period of time. What you can conclude with this information? Explainand graphically show the effect on equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity.Part (b):Why is money not considered to be a capital resource in economics and why is entrepreneurialability considered to be a part of economic resource, distinct from labor? Please suggest two mostimportant function of entrepreneurs, you think is must?