A disease indiscriminately reduces the populati Birds are better able to see and therefor prey o The population is joined by individuals from am allele for a red phenotype.
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- House sparrows (Maya) were introduced to North America in 1852. Since that time thesparrows have evolved different characteristics in different locations. Sparrow populations inthe north are larger-bodied than sparrow populations in the south. This divergence inpopulations is probably at least partly a result of natural selection: larger-bodied birds canoften survive lower temperatures than smaller-bodied birds can. Colder weather in the northmay select for larger-bodied birds. What type of evolution based on natural selectionaccounts for this observation? Explain your answer.Which of the following is not true of natural selection? (a) natural selection acts to preserve favorable traits and eliminate unfavorable traits (b) the offspring of individuals that are better adapted to the environment will make up a larger proportion of the next generation (c) natural selection directs the course of evolution by preserving the traits acquired during an individuals lifetime (d) natural selection acts on a populations genetic variability, which arises through mutation (e) natural selection may result in changes in allele frequencies in a populationMicroevolution is defined as a change inallele frequencies in a population over generations. Please explainwhat an allele is, in genetic terms. Name the three major factorsinvolved in allele frequency changes in populations. Describe, indetail, how natural selection works on individuals, while evolutionoccurs in populations. Include a real or hypothetical example ofthe process of natural selection in your answer other thaninsects and insecticide! Identify the specific natural selectionpressure and the specific trait being selected for in yourexample.
- Most new mutations are detrimental, yet rare beneficial mutations canbe adaptive. With regard to the fate of new mutations, discuss whetheryou think it is more important for natural selection to select againstdetrimental alleles or to select in favor of beneficial ones. Which doyou think is more significant in human populations?A group of 50 men and 50 women establish a colony ona remote island. After 50 generations of random mating,how frequent would a recessive trait be if it were at afrequency of 1/500 back on the mainland? The population remains the same size over the 50 generations, andthe trait has no effect on fitness.Pikas are small mammals that live at high elevations on the talus slopesof mountains. Most populations located on mountaintops in Coloradoand Montana in North America are isolated from one another: the pikasdon’t occupy the low-elevation habitats that separate the mountaintopsand don’t venture far from the talus slopes. Thus, there is little gene flowbetween populations. Furthermore, each population is small in size andwas founded by a small number of pikas.A group of population geneticists proposes to study the amount ofgenetic variation in a series of pika populations and to compare theallelic frequencies in different populations. On the basis of the biologyand distribution of pikas, predict what the population geneticists willfind concerning the within- and between-population genetic variation.
- Recent reconstructions of evolutionary history are often dependenton assigning divergence in terms of changes in amino acid ornucleotide sequences. For example, a comparison of cytochromec shows 10 amino acid differences between humans and dogs,24 differences between humans and moths, and 38 differencesbetween humans and yeast. Such data provide no information asto the absolute times of divergence for humans, dogs, moths, andyeast. How might one calibrate the molecular clock to an absolutetime clock? What problems might one encounter in such acalibration?What is the role of variation in evolution. If heterozygosity is reduced, what happens to the potential for evolution?. The phenotype and genotype bof a population is die to a mosaic of random and directed processes, some of them have to do with history ;some are related to adaptation, etc. As completely as possible, discuss the role of chance and direction in evolution and in determining the phenotype of a populationImagine that you are an evolutionary biologist currenyly studying a particular species of snake on an island off the coast of Durban, South Africa and that you have information indicating that1000 years ago, the same species of snakes in that island was observed to exist in a variety of colours (Red blue,yellow green) and that most of the snakes were blue. This same species of snakes and the same mixof colours were also found on the mainland (i.e Kwazulu Natal) Assuming that all the snakes are descended from an ancestral blue snake, explain this change in colour frequency (evolution) as though it were based solely on each of the following processes. a. Natural selection b. Bottleneck effect c. Founder effect
- Two populations of snakes are separated by a river. The snakescross the river only on rare occasions. The snakes in the two populationslook very similar to each other, except that the members ofthe population on the eastern bank of the river have a yellow spoton the top of their head, whereas the members of the western populationhave an orange spot on the top of their head. Discuss twoexperimental methods that you might use to determine whether thetwo populations are members of the same species or members ofdifferent ones.The larvae of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster normally feedon rotting fruit, which may ferment and produce high concentrations ofalcohol. Douglas Cavener and Michael Clegg studied allelic frequenciesat the locus encoding alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) in experimentalpopulations of D. melanogaster (D. R. Cavener and M. T. Clegg. 1981.Evolution 35:1–10). The experimental populations were establishedfrom wild-caught flies and were raised in cages in the laboratory. Twocontrol populations (C1 and C2) were raised on a standard cornmeal–molasses–agar diet. Two ethanol populations (E1 and E2) were raised ona cornmeal–molasses–agar diet to which was added 10% ethanol. Thefour populations were periodically sampled to determine the frequenciesof two alleles at the alcohol dehydrogenase locus, AdhS and AdhF. Thefrequencies of these alleles in the four populations are shown in theaccompanying graph. a. On the basis of these data, what conclusion might you draw about theevolutionary forces…Which of the following statements describes an example of genetic drift?a. Allele g for fat production increases in a small population because birds with more bodyfat have higher survivorship in a harsh winter.b. Random mutation increases the frequency of allele A in one population but not inanother.c. Allele R reaches a frequency of 1.0 because individuals with genotype rr are sterile.d. Allele m is lost when a virus kills all but a few individuals and just by chance, none ofthe survivors possess allele m.