A fossil believed to be the most recent common ancestor between housecats andlions is radio-dated to about 11 million years ago (mya). An analysis of a neutralsection of mitochondrial DNA in both species finds 15 DNA base pair differencesbetween the two cats today. Meanwhile, an analysis of housecats and pumas shows4 DNA base pair differences between them, which are believed to have divergedaround 3 mya.Using this data, what is the best estimate of the time since divergence of housecatsand lynx, which have 11 DNA base pair differences in this mitochondrial DNAregion?5 myaO6 myaO 7 myaO8 mya9 mya

It has been studied and proved that DNA relatedness amongst the species is directly linked to…

A fossil believed to be the most recent common ancestor between housecats and ions is radio-dated to about 11 million years ago (mya). An analysis of a neutral section of mitochondrial DNA in both species finds 15 DNA base pair differences petween the two cats today. Meanwhile, an analysis of housecats and pumas DNA base pair differences between them, which are believed to have diverged around 3 mya. shows Jsing this data, what is the best estimate of the time since divergence of housecats nd lynx, which have 11 DNA base pair differences in this mitochondrial DNA egion? 5 mya 6 mya O 7 mya 8 mya 9 mya

A fossil believed to be the most recent common ancestor between housecats and ions is radio-dated to about 11 million years ago (mya). An analysis of a neutral section of mitochondrial DNA in both species finds 15 DNA base pair differences petween the two cats today. Meanwhile, an analysis of housecats and pumas DNA base pair differences between them, which are believed to have diverged around 3 mya. shows Jsing this data, what is the best estimate of the time since divergence of housecats nd lynx, which have 11 DNA base pair differences in this mitochondrial DNA egion? 5 mya 6 mya O 7 mya 8 mya 9 mya

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter24: Systematics And Phylogenetics: Revealing The Tree Of Life

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1ITD: The phylogenetic tree for 12 cat species (Felidae) reproduced at right was assembled from molecular...

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Michael Bunce and his colleagues in England, Canada, and theUnited States extracted and sequenced mitochondrial DNA from fossilsof Haast’s eagle, a gigantic eagle that was driven to extinction 700 yearsago when humans first arrived in New Zealand (M. Bunce et al. 2005.PLOS Biology 3:44–46). Using mitochondrial DNA sequences fromliving eagle species and those from Haast’s-eagle fossils, they createdthe accompanying phylogenetic tree. On this phylogenetic tree, identify(a) all nodes; (b) one example of a branch; and (c) the outgroup.
Imagine that you have the DNA sequences from the intron of a gene in three species called A, B, and C. Species A and B are most closely related, while C is more distantly related. The sequences of A and B differ by 18 base pairs, A and C differ by 26 base pairs, and B and C differ by 28 base pairs. Fossils show that species A and B diverged about 1.2 Mya, but there is no fossil evidence as to when the most recent common ancestor of all three species lived. (Draw a simple tree to help you think about the problem) Use the genetic data to estimate that date (most recent common ancestor). HINT = use Eqn 7.1, several times- first to estimate mutation rate. Then to estimate the unknown time since divergence
Imagine that you have the DNA sequences from the intron of a gene in three species called A, B, and C. Species A and B are most closely related, while C is more distantly related. The sequences of A and B differ by 18 base pairs, A and C differ by 26 base pairs, and B and C differ by 28 base pairs. Fossils show that species A and B diverged about 1.2 Mya, but there is no fossil evidence as to when the most recent common ancestor of all three species lived. (Draw a simple tree to help you think about the problem) Use the genetic data to estimate that date (most recent common ancestor). What assumptions are you making to get this estimate?
The phylogenetic tree for vertebrates depicted below was constructed from sequence data for two rRNA mitochondrial genes (12S and 16S). How do the results of this analysis compare with the phylogenetic trees in Figures 32.10 and 32.24? Identify the major clades of vertebrates on the tree depicted below. Source: R. Zardoya and A. Meyer. 1998. Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 95:1422614231. Copyright 1998 National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A.
Recent reconstructions of evolutionary history are often dependenton assigning divergence in terms of changes in amino acid ornucleotide sequences. For example, a comparison of cytochromec shows 10 amino acid differences between humans and dogs,24 differences between humans and moths, and 38 differencesbetween humans and yeast. Such data provide no information asto the absolute times of divergence for humans, dogs, moths, andyeast. How might one calibrate the molecular clock to an absolutetime clock? What problems might one encounter in such acalibration?
. The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similarskeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones inwhales have very different shapes and proportions. However,genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms divergedfrom a common ancestor at about the same time. Which ofthe following is the most likely explanation for these data?(A) Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and bats, butnot in whales.(B) Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted insignificant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.(C) Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats.(D) Whales are not properly classified as mammals.
Rates of evolution appear to vary in different lin-eages. For example, the rate of evolution in the rat lineageis significantly higher than in the human lineage. Theserate differences are apparent whether one looks at changesin nucleotide sequences that encode proteins and are sub-ject to selective pressure or at changes in noncoding nucle-otide sequences, which are not under obvious selectionpressure. Can you offer one or more possible explanationsfor the slower rate of evolutionary change in the humanlineage versus the rat lineage?
A skull of Homo Neanderthalensisis tested using carbon14. Palaeontologists are wondering about whether the Neanderthal was living at the same time as Homo sapiens, known to be living in the same area 45 000 years ago. Measurements shown the original amount of carbon-14 isotope present in the skull when Neanderthal died is only 1.56%. A) How old is the Neanderthal fossil? B) Could this Neanderthal have been living with Homo sapiens in this area at the same time?
Just as anatomical homology can lead to vestigial structuressuch as human wisdom teeth and the wings of flightlessbirds, genetic homology can lead to vestigial DNA sequences.For example, most mammal species produce an enzyme,L-gulonolactone oxidase, that catalyzes the last step in the productionof vitamin C. The species that produce the enzyme areable to do so because they all inherited the gene that encodesit from a common ancestor. Humans, however, do not produceL-gulonolactone oxidase, so we can’t produce vitamin C ourselvesand must consume it in our diets. But even though wedon’t produce the enzyme, our cells do contain a stretch of DNAwith a sequence very similar to that of the enzyme-producinggene present in rats and most other mammals. The human version,though, does not encode the enzyme (or any protein). Weinherited this stretch of DNA from an ancestor that we share withother mammal species, but in us, the sequence has undergonea change that rendered it nonfunctional. (The…
Biologists have studied many different species, including humans, and have estimated that it takes500,000 years for 1% of the mitochondrial DNA to be changed by mutation. (This is an estimated mutationrate, and is currently being debated). Given that rate of mutation, we can estimate how long two groupshave been reproductively separated by multiplying 500,000 years by the percentage of difference. (If thegroups are 0.3% different: 500,000 x 0.3 = 150,000 years)A representative sample of different human geographical/racial DNA has been collected and analyzed.When all of the different mutations were counted, scientists found that only 0.4% of the DNA of modernhumans has been mutated. How many years have modern humans been on the planet?Archeologists have found skeletal evidence of a modern-type human who lived on this planet about100,000 years ago. You will investigate a partial answer to these questions.Two important questions we will be addressing in this part of the lab are:1) Where…
When I first studied hominin evolution, they had found "Lucy", an Australopithecus afarensis, and everyone thought her species was an early ancestor of Homo sapien. The picture is much more complicated, with lots of hominins living in close proximity for millions of years...much different than our now singular species. Look at the phylogenetic tree and use it as a guide to briefly describe hominin lines in Africa up to Homo. Do not discuss Homo.Just discuss a sense that you generally can grasp what was going on in Africa with our Genus for 6 or 7 million years!
Crickets have colonized each island in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Geological data indicates that Kauai is the oldest island in the chain and Hawaii is the youngest. Researchers hypothesized that crickets sequentially colonized islands as they rose out of the ocean and created a cladogram based on molecular relationships to test this idea. 3) Which islands unambiguously show multiple independent colonization events? 4) How many colonization events were there on each of the islands showing multiple events?