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Q: Alice and Bob use the ElGamal scheme with a common prime q= 131 and a primitive root a = 6. Let…
A: Solution is given below:
Q: Alice and Bob use the ElGamal scheme with a common prime q=131 and a primitive root a=6. Let Bob's…
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- iiii.___________accepts a variable-size message M as input and produces a fixed-sizemessage digest H(M).a) Block cipher b) Stream cipherc) Public keyd) Hash Functioniv. For the secure exchange of messages with a new entity without a prior arrangement, which one of the cryptographic entities is useful?a) Block cipherb) MACc) Asymmetric encryption d) Hash function. i. Modifying an encrypted message without understanding its contents will result in issue.• Confidentiality• Availability• Integrity• Repudiationii. An attacker breaks into your personal computer and deletes some important files is an example of ___________attack• Ciphertext• Passive• Ransomware• Activeiii. _____ accepts a variable-size mes:age M as input and produces a fixed-size messagedigest H(M).• Block cipher• Public Key encryption• Stream Cipher• Hash-function iv. ASuppose we will use Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to encrypt a block of plaintext andthe known round key for round 7 is:B5 8D BA D2 31 2B F5 60 7F 8D 29 2F EA D2 73 21Please calculate the first four words of the round key for round 8 by following the steps below:(1) What is the ‘temp’ value after RotWord? (2) What is the value after SubWord? (3) What is the value after XOR with Rcon? (4) What is the first word (i.e. the first 4 bytes) of the round key for round 8? (5) What is the third word (i.e. the third 4 bytes) of the round key for round 8?1.Suppose Alice sent the following secret message: 001000000100100100111001001010000011101000111010 The decryption key was discovered to be: 01101001Decrypt the message into plain text.. 2.List and state what is represented by the three code snippets provided below in less than one sentence each? Snippet #1 Snippet #2 Snippet #3 push %ebpmov %esp, %ebp sub X, %esp mov %ebp, %esp pop %ebpret leave ret
- You are given the following parameters in RSA cryptosystem: p = 11, q = 13, e = 13 a) Find the integer d. b) List down the public key and private key. You need to encrypt the plaintext message, M = OF. c) Convert this message to value according to ASCII table. To encrypt this message, you can either combine the value, or separate it into the blocks of 2 digits (Hint: it must satisfy the condition M < n). d) Encrypt and decrypt the message OF. e) If the decimal value (not character) of ciphertext is 188267, decrypt this value and convert it to an appropriate message according to the ASCII table.Find the greatest common divisor of 26 and 5 using Euclidean algorithm. An encryption function is provided by an affine cipher ?:? → ?, ?(?) ≡ (5? + 8)??? 26, ? = {1,2, … , 26}Find the decryption key for the above affine cipher. Encrypt the message with the code 15and 19.An affine cipher has the form c = (am+b) mod n. Suppose m is an integer between 0 and 25, eachinteger representing a letter.(a) Let n = 26, a = 3, and b = 123. What is the ciphertext corresponding to the phrase THIS IS A CIPHERMESSAGE.(b) A requirement for a cipher is that every plaintext letter correspond to a different ciphertext letter. If either aand b is not relatively prime to n, does the affine cipher meet this property? Either prove it does or presenta counterexample.
- 3. For this task you are going to generate a key and use stream cipher. (a) Use the quadratic residue pseudorandom generator (BBS)on the prime numbers p and q of your choice, where 5000 < p, q < 9000, to generate the first five bits of your key k0, k1, k2, k3 and k4. (b) Generate a key sequence of length 40 by using the recurrence relation xn+5 = xn+4 + xn+2 + xn+1 + xn (mod 2), n ≥ 0 where the initial values are the key generated in (a). (c) Encode your last name by using the ASCII code. Use the stream cipher and the key you generated above to encrypt your last name.1.Give the decryption of the following messages that have been encrypted with the key 4551. You should get readable messages. a. RTYAWJHVVJ b. WYFUMXYJGX c. VTRFS_NMPJEJPQNOSNX 2.Say you obtain a ciphertext of an English sentence encrypted with an unknown key using the same four-digit shift scheme as problems 8 and 9. For a brute-force attack, what is the maximum number of keys would you have to test?Let the input size of a block cipher be 16 bits and the block cipher is used in the electronic code book (ECB) mode of operation. Suppose we have the following plaintext where all blocks are encrypted using the same key: (02 34 67 88 02 34 44 AB 67 88 B0 3F)hex i) Give an example of a ciphertext if the above plaintext is encrypted using the said block cipher. ii) Let say the encrypted important file is stored in this scheme and each data record has a size of 16 bits. The records are not related to one another. Is ECB mode still appropriate in this scenario? Please state your reason.
- Describe the differences between a monoalphabetic cipher and a polyalphabetic cipher. Is the Caesar cipher a polyalphabetic cipher? In one of his cases, Sherlock Holmes was confronted with the following message: Znk yozagzout oy mxgbk. Iusk osskjogzkre Although Watson was puzzled, Holmes was immediately able to deduce the type of cipher. Describe the cipher being used to encrypt this message. Can you decode the message? Is this cipher susceptible to brute-force cryptanalysis?Let the input size of a block cipher be 16 bits and the block cipher is used in the electronic code book (ECB) mode of operation. Suppose we have the following plaintext where all blocks are encrypted using the same key: (02 34 67 88 02 34 44 AB 67 88 B0 3F)hex i) Let say the encrypted important file is stored in this scheme and each data record has a size of 16 bits. The records are not related to one another. Is ECB mode still appropriate in this scenario? Please state your reason.Using public key cryptography, X adds a digital signature s to message M, encrypts <M, s>, and sends it to Y, where it is decrypted. Which one of the following sequences of keys is used for the operations? A) Encryption: X's private key followed by Y's private key; Decryption: X's public key followed by Y's public key B) Encryption: X's private key followed by Y's public key; Decryption: X's public key followed by Y's private key C) Encryption: X's public key followed by Y's private key; Decryption: Y's public key followed by X's private key D) Encryption: X's private key followed by Y's public key; Decryption: Y's private key followed by X's public key