A square footing 5 ft by 5 ft supported on a sandy stratum is designed to carry a column loading of 250,000 Ib. The unit weight of the sands underlying the footing location vary between 120 and 125 pcf. Estimate the founda- tion settlement to be expected using the sub- grade reaction method. (Neglect the weight of the footing.)

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Load and resistance factor design

Load and resistance factors design (LRFD), also known as Limit state design (LSD), refers to the design method used in building engineering. A boundary condition is a condition of a structure where it can no longer meet the relevant design requirements. The condition may refer to the load level or other actions on the structure, while the terms refer to the integrity of the structure, suitability for use, durability, or other design requirements. A structure designed for LRFD is limited to keeping track of all possible actions during its design time and is always ready for use, with the appropriate level of reliability in each boundary condition. LRFD-based construction codes clearly define the appropriate levels of reliability in their instructions.