a) With reference to the income and substitution effects give an account for the backward bending labour supply curve for the economy. b) Given the above behavioral and semi behavioral equations C = 100 + 0.8Y đ i= 10– 0.5, L=y – 100r M = 5000¸ P = 10 g=800, tax rate is 32 percent Obtain the IS and LM equations ii. i. Equilibrium values of Y and R Mathematically derive the aggregate curve assuming that the price level increases by 20%. ii.
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- Consider an economy with production function given by Y = AK0:5L0:5 where A is the total factorproductivity (TFP), K is the capital stock and L is the labor input. For simplicity assume capital is xed and equal to 1. Assume A=100.a. Write the rm's problem of choosing labor demand. Derive the demand for labor as a functionof the real wage.b. Assume labor supply is inelastic and xed at L= 100. Find the equilibrium values of the wageand the employment level for this economy. Display graphically the labor supply and the labordemand curves. Carefully label your graph.c. Suppose the economy faces a positive productivity shock and TFP is now A=200. Displaygraphically the new labor demand function. What are the equilibrium values of employment andthe real wage?d. Compute the total output when A=100 and when A=200. What is the output's growth rate?Compare that growth rate with the growth rate in A. How does the growth rate of output percapita compares to the growth rate in A? Explain…Consider the following model of the factors that influence a person's annual wage: Y = β0 + β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X1X2 + β4X3 + u where Y = annual wage, in dollars X1= years of formal education X2 = age, in years X3 = variable equal to 1 if male, 0 otherwise U = error term Which of the following is the interpretation of β1 alone? The effect of X1 on Y when X2 = 0 The effect of X1 on Y when X2 is at its median value. The effect of X1 on Y, holding all else equal. The effect of X1 on Y when X2 is at its mean value.Assume that an economy's production function is Y=1,000L1/2,so that when the marginal product of capital is equated to the real wage the labor demand curve is L = 250,000(P/W)2. The labor supply curve is L = 31,250(W/P). The real wage that solves these equations is W/P = 2. Assume that the expected price level is 10, so that a nominal wage contract setting the wage at 20 is agreed to, making the expected real wage 2. If the price level turns out to be 10, 62,500 workers will be hired and output will be 250,000. If the actual price level turns out to be 20, what will the actual real wage be?b. According to the labor demand curve, how much labor will be demanded if the actual real wage is at the level given in part a?c. According to the production function, if the amount of labor given in part b is actually hired, how much will production be?
- Derive the relationship between MPL and MC algebraically. Why is this relationship critical to showing how the law of diminishing returns affects our expectations regarding SR costs?The IS-LM model is a simplification of the interrelationship between selected economic variables. The model consists of a number of en- dogenous variables (those variables whose values are determined inside the model) and a number of exogenous variables (those variables whose values are determined outside the model). The labour markets mostly consider the relationships between prices, expected prices, unemploy- ment among other macroeconomic variables. (a) Explain endogenous and exogenous variables in the IS-LM model as well as the labour markets, derive the AD-AS model.Consider the following one-period model. Assume that the consumption good is produced by a linear technology: Y = zND where Y is the output of the con- sumption good, z is the exogenous total factor productivity, ND is the labour hours. Government has to finance its expenditures, G, using a lump-sum tax, T, on the rep- resentative consumer. There is no other tax in the economy. The firm is owned by the representative consumer who is endowed with h hours of time she can allocate between work, NS and leisure, l. Preferences of the representative consumer are: U (c, l) = α ln c + (1 − α) ln l (1) where 0 < α < 1 is a parameter. (a) Write down the definition of a competitive equilibrium for the above economy 1 (b) Solve for the leisure, l, the consumption, c, employment, N, wage rate, w, lump-sum tax, T , and output, Y in equilibrium. (c) Solve for the optimal allocation of leisure, l, the consumption, c, employment, N, output, Y . Contrast these quantities with those…
- Consider the following one-period model. Assume that the consumption good is produced by a linear technology: Y = zND where Y is the output of the con- sumption good, z is the exogenous total factor productivity, ND is the labour hours. Government has to finance its expenditures, G, using a lump-sum tax, T, on the rep- resentative consumer. There is no other tax in the economy. The firm is owned by the representative consumer who is endowed with h hours of time she can allocate between work, NS and leisure, l. Preferences of the representative consumer are: U (c, l) = α ln c + (1 − α) ln l (1) where 0 < α < 1 is a parameter. Answers for part b below: A consumer's choice of optimizing its consumption and labor hours (h - l ) is given by the point where , MRS(c , l) = wage rate Now , MRS (c, l) = MU(c) /MU(l) MU(c) = dU/d c = a/c MU(l) = dU /dl = (1-a )/l MRS = a (l)1−a (c)a (l)1-a (c) Putting this in optimal condition we have : a (l)(1−a) (c)a (l)(1-a) (c) = w --- (i) l = w…1) Identify the portion(s) of the budget constraint where the labor supply effects of the policy are positive relative to the ‘no policy’ status quo. Group of answer choices a) D only b) C only c) A and B d) A and C 2) Identify the portion(s) of the budget constraint where the labor supply effects of the policy are ambiguous relative to the ‘no policy’ status quo. Group of answer choices a) A and B b) C only c) D only d) B only 3) Identify the portion(s) of the budget constraint where the labor supply effects of the policy are negative relative to the ‘no policy’ status quo. Group of answer choices a) D only b) B only c) C only d) A and BAnswer each of the following questions as either true or false. For a statement to be “true,” it must always be true. If there is at least one case where the statement is not true (or if you need more information to be sure), answer “false.” You must justify each answer with an appropriate explanation or counterexample (which may include a relevant diagram). A firm can make widgets using capital and labor according to the production function f(K,L) = 100L + 0.5K. Denote the wage w and the rental rate on capital r. If r is sufficiently high, the firm will not hire any capital, no matter how many widgets it wants to produce.
- Specific Subject: Macroeconomics - Basic Neoclassical Model This problem indicated At (exogenous variable represents as Technology as looks at Cobb-Douglas production functions). This problem indicated At (exogenous variable represents Technology as can be seen in various Cobb-Douglas type production functions).Then, the objective is to model 2 graphs considering 2 labour offers - one relatively elastic and the other inelastic -, and to analyse the effects of variables such as Yt (output), rt (interest rate), wt (nominal wage) and Nt (labour) and how they are impacted by these offers and thus explain what happens to the real wage. This problem was sent 2 times, but due to the complexity it was rejected. I urgently need a resolution."no shirking constraint" (NSC) curve never crosses the supply of labor curve, so: Question 15 options: A) there is always full employment in equilibrium. B) the gap between the NSC curve and the supply of labor curve equals the difference between the efficiency wage and the market-clearing wage. C) the efficiency wage is always lower than the market-clearing wage. D) there is always some unemployment in equilibrium. E) the market never reaches equilibrium. Note:- Please avoid using ChatGPT and refrain from providing handwritten solutions; otherwise, I will definitely give a downvote. Also, be mindful of plagiarism. Answer completely and accurate answer. Rest assured, you will receive an upvote if the answer is accurate.Consider the following model of the economy Production function: Y = AKN – N2/2Marginal product of labor: MPN = AK – N. Where the initial values of A = 8 and K = 10. The initial labor supply curve is given as: NS = 20 + 9w. Cd = 401 + .50(Y-T) – 500rId = 800 – 500rG = 500T= 100 Md/P = 469 + 0.5Y- 1000r Nominal Money supply M = 4000 We assume that expectedinflation is zero (?e?= 0) so that money demand depends directly onthe real interest rate (since i = r). 1 a) Solve for the labor market clearing real wage (w*), theprofit maximizing level of labor input (N*), and the full employment level ofoutput (Y*). Please show your work. Draw two diagrams verticallywith the labor market on the bottom graph and the production function on thetop graph. Be sure to label everything including this initial equilibrium pointas point A b) Derive an expression for the IS curve (r in terms of Y). Please show all work c) Find the real interest rate that clears the goods market. Please show all work…