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- Two identical firms save money from polluting. A firm’s marginal savings from emitting an amount e are given by 10 − 2e. The two firms differ in their impact on ambient pollution concentrations. Two units of emissions from firm 1 result in one unit of ambient pollution, while one unit of emissions from firm 2 results in one unit of ambient pollution. a) Initially the policy-maker decides to institute a standard cap and trade program instead of regulating ambient pollution. If each firm is initially given three emission permits, how many permits will each firm end up with and what will be the price? b) The policy-maker realizes the differences between the firms and de- cides to institute ambient pollution permit trading. What are the transfer coefficients for each of the firms? If instead each firm is given two ambient pollution permits and trading takes place, how much will each firm end up emitting, and what will be the price?The following table shows the marginal costs for each of the four firms (A, B, C, and D) to eliminate units of pollution from their production processes. For example, for Firm A to eliminate one unit of pollution, it would cost $ 54, and for Firm A to eliminate a second unit of pollution it would cost an additional$67. Refer to Table 10-5. Suppose the government wants to reduce pollution from 16 units to 8 units and auctions off 8 pollution permits to achieve this goal. Which of the following is a likely auction price for the permits? a.$69b.$97c.$81d. 583Suppose there are two firms producing 6 units of pollution each. The government decides that they want to reduce the total pollution to 6 units, so they issue 3 pollution permits to each firm. The cost of abating the pollution for each firm are given in the following table: FIRM A Unit of pollution FIRM B Unit of pollution Marginal Cost of cleaning up this unit of pollution $6 $14 $25 S40 $60 $90 Marginal Cost of cleaning up this unit of pollution 535 $70 $120 $180 $280 $390 If the two firms work together to reduce the total cost of cleaning up the pollution, how many permits will be traded and which firm will sell the permits and which firm will buy the permits?
- Firm A currently dumps 223 tons of chemicals into the local river. Firm B currently dumps 192 tons of chemicals into the local river. The government has decided to reduce the pollution and from now on will require a pollution permit for each ton of pollution dumped into the river. The government gives each firm 10 pollution permits. The abatement costs of one ton of pollution is $173 for Firm A and $76 for Firm B. What would be the total cost of reducing pollution, if the firms are allowed to trade permits between each other?Two firms are ordered by the Government to reduce their pollution levels. Firm A’s marginal costs associated with pollution reduction are MC = 20 + 4Q. Firm B’s marginal costs associated with pollution reduction are MC = 10 + 8Q. The marginal benefit of pollution reduction is MB = 400 – 4Q. Compare the social efficiency of the three possible outcomes: (1) require both firms to reduce pollution by the same amount;(2) charge a common tax per unit of pollution;(3) require both firms to reduce pollution by the same amount but allow pollution permits to be bought and sold.Following are the marginal abatement costs of three firms . Suppose each firm is currently emitting 10 tons / week , so the total emissions are 30 tons / week . Suppose we wish to reduce total emissions by 50 % , to 15 tons per week . The following table provides marginal abatement costs for each firm . a ) What is the total cost if each firm cuts total emission by 50 % from their current levels . b ) What is the total cost if the total emissions decrease by 50 % ( to 15 tons per week ) that meets the equi - marginal principle . c ) From the society's point , which method of reducing ( a or b above ) emissions is better ? Provide a reason .
- Marginal Abatement Costs: The marginal abatement costs of three firms are provided in the table below on page 109. Each firm is emitting now 10 tons/week. Therefore, the total emission of all firms is 30 tons/week. Suppose that society wants to reduce the level of emission by 50%, to 15 tons/week. Calculate the total cost of reducing the level of emission to 15 tons/week Assuming equiproportionate decrease in emissions which of the following is correct: 69 96 100 Assuming equimarginal decrease in emissions which of the following is correct: 69 96 100Consider a market with two polluting firms with linear marginal abatement cost curves. Firm B has increasing marginal abatement costs that are everywhere half as high as Firm A’s marginal abatement costs. The maximum amount of pollution that can be tolerated is less than the total these two firms would emit if their pollution was unrestricted. Thus some aggregate amount of abatement is necessary. The pollutant in question is uniformly mixing, so it doesn’t matter which firm cuts back how much, only that between them, they cut back by the required total amount. The environmental agency decides to solve the abatement allocation problem by giving out pollution permits in amounts such that each firm would be obliged to cut back their emissions by an equal amount. Would this be “fair”? Would it be “efficient”?(A) Suppose that the two firms merge. Write down the profit function of the merged firm. Calculate the profit maximizing level of output, the amount of pollution for the merged firm, and its profit. Is the merger Pareto improvement? Why or why not? (B) Suppose that the merger is forbidden by the government. Instead, now the fishery has the property right to water. In other words, anybody who wants to pollute the water needs to buy a pollution right from the fishery. Let the price of the pollution right be Px. Write down the steel mill’s new profit function and the fishery’s new profit function. (C) Calculate the profit maximizing level of output for each firm, the amount of pollution, and the price of pollution right. please, please answer the three questions together..
- The graph shows the marginal cost of abatement curve, which shows the extra cost to the firm of cleaning up an additional unit of pollution. When a pollution charge of $5 per unit emitted is imposed, how many units of pollution will the firm choose to clean up? units of pollution cleaned up: When a pollution tax of $20 per unit emitted is imposed, how many units of pollution will the firm choose to clean up? units of pollution cleaned up:Assume that to balance the benefits of providing electricity with its pollution costs, A. Treehugger recommends that the government imposes a tax $0.04 for every kilowatt hour (kWh) of electricity sold. If they do, how much of this tax is actually paid by the customer (consumer’s burden) and how much is paid by the firm (producer’s burden)?Suppose a municipality votes to reduce the combined pollution introduced by three local companies. Presently, each firm creates 4 units of pollution in the area, for a total of 12 pollution units. The government can reduce total pollution in the area to 6 units by choosing between the following two methods:Methods to Reduce Pollution1. The government imposes pollution standards using regulation.2. The government issues tradable pollution permits.The costs faced by each firm are different, so it is more difficult for some firms to reduce pollution than others. The following table shows the cost faced by each firm to eliminate each unit of pollution. Assume that the cost of eliminating all 4 units of pollution (that is, reducing pollution to zero) is prohibitively expensive for all three firms.FirmCost of Eliminating the...First Unit of PollutionSecond Unit of PollutionThird Unit of Pollution(Dollars)(Dollars)(Dollars)Firm A 130 165 220Firm B 600 750 1,200Firm C…