An infant appears healthy until about 9 months of age, when he develops severe bacterial infections, one after another. Fortunately, theinfections are treated successfully with antibiotics. When infectedwith the measles and other viral diseases, the infant recovers withoutunusual difficulty. Explain the different immune responses to theseinfections. Why did it take so long for this disorder to become apparent? (Hint: Consider IgG.)

Q: Describe the role of the macrophage in theimmune response.

A: Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that are found in every tissue of the human body. They…

Q: In what areas are lymph nodes clustered? Why is this desirable?

A: Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped glands that are the part of the lymphatic system. They are…

Q: Describe the cooperative interactions between antigen-presentingcells, T cells, and B cells.

A: When a positive change done for one component increases the collectively benefits of a group of…

Q: Explain the functions  of Immunoglobulins ?

A: Immunoglobulin’s are group of proteins that transmits signal for immune response. These proteins…

Q: Describe the function of B Cells in Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response.

A: Immunity is defined as a complex biological mechanism that can recognize and accept what belongs to…

Q: A T lymphocyte activated in the GALT will subsequently home to all of the following except _____.…

A: Gut associated lymphocyte tissue or GALT complex function is to form as a protective immune system…

Q: What molecule ensures that T-lymphocytes which encounter their antigen in the lymph node stay there…

A: T cell is a type of lymphocyte.T cells are one of the important white blood cells of the immune…

Q: Describe the major histocompatibility complex, and explain how itparticipates in immune reactions.

A: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a cell surface glycoprotein that express on nearly all…

Q: Which lymphocyte has a role in both cell-mediated andhumoral immunity?

A: The body's important transport medium is blood. Leukocytes (white blood cells) are accountable for…

Q: Where do B cells acquire immunocompetence? Where do T cells do so?

A: B -cells acquire immunocompetence in Bone Marrow and T-cells acquire immunocompetence in Thymus.

Q: Are there other examples besides immune secretions in which a single substance may act as both an…

A: Immune cells secrete the secretions that protect body from immunity. In body three types of glands…

Q: Describe the role of IgM in immunity

A: IgM is one of the class of antibodies and consists of five four chain structures. It is the largest…

Q: Explain why most immune reactions result in a polyclonal collection of antibodies.

A: Polyclonal antibodies are synthesized by injecting an immunogen into an animal (mouse) and the…

Q: . If a child were born without a thymus gland, what cellsand functions of the immune system would be…

A: The thymus is a lymphoid organ. It is present in the chest of an organism. T cells develop in the…

Q: If we regard red bone marrow as a lymphatic organ and define lymphatic organs partly by the presence…

A: The red bone marrow is a crucial component of the lymphatic system, it is one of the primary…

Q: Describe the role of macrophages in activating the specific immune response to antigens.

A: Macrophages can be defined as the type of special cells which is part of the innate immune system.…

Q: Daniel, a 3-year-old kid has been suspected with measles since he is showing symptoms of high fever…

A: GIVEN CASE: 3 years old boy, with symptoms of high fever, rashes of tiny, red spots break out.  MMR…

Q: What is the differencebetween humoral specificimmune response and cellularspecific immune response?

A: There is an association between T-Lymphocytes and the  B-lymphocytes which is  basically responsible…

Q: Name five cell types involved in innate immunity and themajor functions of each.

A: Immunity is the ability of body to fight with the foreign particle which enters into the body.…

Q: Distinguish between T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes: include their type of immunity, sites of…

A: T cells or T lymphocytes and B cells or B lymphocytes are the most important cellular components of…

Q: Someone bitten by a poisonous snake should be given someantivenom (antibodies) to prevent death. If…

A: A different form of immunity, referred to as passive immunity, results once an individual is given…

Q: Give the principal function of lymphocytes, and differentiate between the two lymphocyte types and…

A: The principal function of lymphocytes: These are fundamental cells of our immune system and helps in…

Q: Identify and describe the parts of the major lymphatic pathways.

A: The fluids that are produced in the body and either circulated within the body or secreted out are…

Q: Describe in detail the mechanism of Cell Mediated Immunity?

A: Cell-mediated immunity is an immune reaction that doesn't include antibodies.  Cell-mediated…

Q: What clinical symptoms can an inherited deficiency in complement components C3 or C4 lead to?

A: Introduction: There are three primary pathways in the complement cascade, each of which is activated…

Q: Distinguish between antibody-mediated immunity and cell mediated immunity. What components are…

A: Antibody mediated response is a humoral immunity and is a component of adaptive immunity where…

Q: Describe the role of IgM in immunity.

A: Natural immunoglobulin M is a pentameric, polyreactive antibody produced by the b1 B cells. This…

Q: Which of these statements best describes the purpose of inflammation?

A: Body response to a specific place Against the alien particle is said to inflammation

Q: Which type of immunity is triggered by vaccination?

A: Active immunity is immunity to a pathogen that develops after exposure to the pathogen. When the…

Q: what is the importance of complements in cellular and humoral mediated immunity?

A: The complement system which is also known as the complement cascade enhances or promotes the ability…

Q: Define immunoglobulin (IG)

A: Immunoglobulin or IG are chiefly known as antibodies are large Y shaped protein  . These are…

Q: Which of the following are antigen presenting cells?

A: Immune system: This system in the human body includes a complex network of cells, tissues, and…

Q: Describe the normal immune response.

A: Human body have their own system to protect themselves from harmful bacteria, Viruses which are…

Q: Define antigen presentation.

A: A molecule or chemical structure that can attach to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor is…

Q: List the types of leukocytes of the immune system, and describe where they may be found.

A: Introduction  The human body is consisting of around 37 trillion cells in total however a large…

Q: Describe the actions of an antigen-presenting cell.

A: Antigens are foreign elements that stimulate the production of antibodies by activation of the…

Q: Connect the mononuclear phagocyte system to innate immunity.

A: Dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and macrophages are members of the mononuclear phagocyte system,…

Q: Why Naïve (Verigin ) B or T-cells have a short life span ?

A: Till these cells encounter and acknowledge an antigen-presenting cell (APC) and differentiate into…

Q: Define the term immunoglobulins  ?

A: Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produces by plasma cells. They…

Q: Describe cell-mediated immune response and humoral immune response

A: cell mediated immune response- Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve…

Q: What cells are involved in cell mediated and the humoral immune response? Explain the major outcome…

A: Adaptive immunity or acquired immunity is divided into two types: humoral immunity and cell-mediated…

Q: Consider a person without any functioning plasma cells. What effects would this condition have on…

A: Plasma cells are round or ovoid cells that contain colored cytoplasm with a pale perinuclear area of…

Q: Explain three characteristics of innate immune system

A: Innate immune system is the generalized immune system which is also called as non specific immune…

Q: List the components of the immune system and thepurpose of each.

A: Immune system is a biological network of the cell, tissue and organ. It help the body in fighting…

Q: What kind of symptoms accompany B-cell defects, T-cell defects,and combined defects, and why is this…

A: Primary diseases are congenital and generally originating due to errors in genetic makeup. The…