Explain why most immune reactions result in a polyclonal collection of antibodies.

Q: Describe the function of B Cells in Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response.

A: Immunity is defined as a complex biological mechanism that can recognize and accept what belongs to…

Q: Define polyclonal antibodies.

A: Antibodies are Y shaped soluble glycoproteins that are produced in response to the antigens by…

Q: Describe B lymphocytes and antibodies and explain how they function.

A: B LYMPHOCYTES WBC and a type of lymphocyte. Many B cells mature into plasma cells that produce…

Q: Explain why the immune system must distinguish betweenself and non–self.

A: The organs and processes of the body that provide resistance to infection and toxins. Organs include…

Q: Describe how antibodies interact with their corresponding antigens.

A: Antibodies are proteins that bind to the body's foreign invaders and signal the immune system to get…

Q: Explain the consequences of antibody binding of antigen

A: Immunity refers to the body's defense mechanism against the antigen. Antigen refers to the foreign…

Q: Contrast the major targets of antibody-mediated responses

A: Humans a well-developed immune system to fight infections. The immunity possessed by humans can be…

Q: following terms briefly? Immune Respo

A: The most prominent feature of immune system is is the feature of possessing memory. Memory is a very…

Q: Explain how T cells become activated and how they function in immunity.

A: The T-lymphocytes are matured in the thymus gland. The matured T-lymphocytes are programmed to react…

Q: Describe the role of macrophages in activating the specific immune response to antigens.

A: Macrophages can be defined as the type of special cells which is part of the innate immune system.…

Q: Explain why the B cells response is described as “humoral”, but the T cell’s response is described…

A: Both B cells and T cells are lymphocytes that are gotten from explicit sorts of foundational…

Q: Explain Protein-ligand binding of antibodies.

A: A ligand refers to a substance that serves a particular function when it binds to a biomolecule. It…

Q: List the chemical characteristics and actions of antibodies.

A: The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from foreign pathogens. Immune system fight…

Q: Summarize the sequence of events in antibody-mediated immunity, including the effects of…

A: Immunology is an important branch of biology which include the study of immunity of different…

Q: Explain the relationship between antigens and immunity.

A: Introduction  Immunity: it is the capability of our body to fight against the diseases. This is done…

Q: Describe the structure and function of antibodies.

A: Antibodies are Glycoproteins also known as immunoglobulin. An antibody is Y shaped and produced by B…

Q: An individual is infected with a particular pathogen that he had before. This results in the…

A: Immunity is a complicated biological system with the ability to recognize and accept what belongs to…

Q: Compare the functions of cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity.

A: Cell mediated immunity work against the antigens which attacks the cells. It effectively destroy…

Q: Distinguish between antigens and antibodies and explain the  structure of an antibody molecules

A: The immune system functions to protect the body from foreign bodies. There are two types of the…

Q: Define monoclonal antibody.

A: An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly…

Q: Explain why repeated rounds of antigen exposure can alter antibody structure and function

A: Antigens are molecules, that are capable to stimulate immune response. Each antigens have distinct…

Q: describe the structure and five types of antibodies;

A: Antibodies are proteins produced by plasma cells and they are also known as immunoglobulins. They…

Q: Define immune escape

A: an antigen is a molecule or molecular structure or any foreign particulate matter or a pollen grain…

Q: List the effects of antibodies binding to antigens

A: Antigen-antibody communication, or antigen-antibody response, is an interaction between chemicals…

Q: Explain the process used to produce monoclonal antibodies and the reasons that they are produced.

A: Monoclonal antibodies are produced by a single cell through cell division. While antibodies produced…

Q: Define antigen and antibody

A: The immune system is a coordinated network of a variety of immune cells, which on exposure to an…

Q: _____antibodies are predominant in primary immune response, while _____________ antibodies are…

A: Immunity is defined as the ability of an organism to prevent the entry of harmful microbes in the…

Q: Explain how T cells are activated

A: The immune system has a vital role in protecting the body from outside pathogens (bacteria, viruses,…

Q: Explain the structure of an immunoglobulin.

A: An antibody is a protein molecule generated in theiving body by plasma membrane. It specifically…

Q: What cell secretes antibodies and explain the various functions of antibodies.

A: The immune system of the body protects the individual from the attack of external pathogens. The…

Q: Describe the normal immune response.

A: Human body have their own system to protect themselves from harmful bacteria, Viruses which are…

Q: Name the type of cells that produce antibodies?

A: The antibody is also called immunoglobulin that is a protective protein produced by the immune…

Q: Discuss antibody production

A: Antibody, also known as immunoglobulin, is a protective protein produced by the immune system in…

Q: The redness and swelling associated with an inflammatory response is caused by * secretion of…

A: Immune system deals with the handling of antigens which enter in our body.

Q: Define antigen presentation.

A: A molecule or chemical structure that can attach to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor is…

Q: Describe in detail the information on what a Monoclonal Antibodies is

A: One way the immune system of the body attacks foreign agents is by producing large number of the…

Q: List the functions of the antigen-binding site and Fc region of antibodies, and briefly describe how…

A: Antigens are molecules that can elicit an immunological response. Each antigen includes unique…

Q: List the types of leukocytes of the immune system, and describe where they may be found.

A: Introduction  The human body is consisting of around 37 trillion cells in total however a large…

Q: Describe Membrane receptors related to immune cells and immunity in general.

A: Three general types of cell-surface receptors exist: receptors linked to the ion channel, receptors…

Q: Define cytotoxic T cell

A: Two types of lymphocytes are known. These are B cells and T cells. These are involved in adaptive…

Q: Define the term antibodies?

A: Antibodies are a type of protein molecule. Proteins are the biomolecules composed of one or many…

Q: Describe the background features of immune complex reactions.

A: Hypersensitivity reactions are the immune response that is inappropriate or exaggerated against an…

Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.