An unstable particle is created in the upper atmosphere from a cosmic ray and travels straight down toward the Earth's surface with a speed of 0.9954c relative to the earth. A scientist at rest on the earth's surface measures that the particle is created at an altitude of 30 km. (a) As measured by the scientist, how much time does it take the particle to travel the 30 km to the surface of the earth? (b) Calculate the distance from where the particle is created to the surface of the earth, as measured in the particle's frame. *

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Proper Length

The theory of special relativity explains the connection between space and time to objects that move in a straight line at a constant speed. The objects move at the speed of light. When an object approaches light speed, its mass is endless and cannot move faster than light. The most crucial postulate of Einstein's special relativity is that the laws of nature do not change in each frame of reference.