Antibiotics are commonly used to combat bacterial and fungal infections. During the past several decades, however, antibioticresistant strains of microorganisms have become alarmingly prevalent. This has undermined the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating many types of infectious disease. Discuss how the following processes that alter allele frequencies may have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains: A. Random mutation B. Genetic drift C. Natural selection

Antibiotics are commonly used to combat bacterial and fungal infections. During the past several decades, however, antibioticresistant strains of microorganisms have become alarmingly prevalent. This has undermined the effectiveness of antibiotics in treating many types of infectious disease. Discuss how the following processes that alter allele frequencies may have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains: A. Random mutation B. Genetic drift C. Natural selection

Concepts of Biology

1st Edition

ISBN:9781938168116

Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise

Publisher:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise

Chapter11: Evolution And Its Processes

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6RQ: Galapagos medium ground finches are found on Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal islands, which are...

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With regard to genetic drift, are the following statements true or false? If a statement is false, explain why. A. Over the long run, genetic drift leads to allele fixation or loss. B. When a new mutation occurs within a population, genetic drift is more likely to cause the loss of the new allele rather than the fixation of the new allele. C. Genetic drift promotes genetic diversity in large populations. D. Genetic drift is more significant in small populations.
Which of the following statements describes an example of genetic drift?a. Allele g for fat production increases in a small population because birds with more bodyfat have higher survivorship in a harsh winter.b. Random mutation increases the frequency of allele A in one population but not inanother.c. Allele R reaches a frequency of 1.0 because individuals with genotype rr are sterile.d. Allele m is lost when a virus kills all but a few individuals and just by chance, none ofthe survivors possess allele m.
Galapagos medium ground finches are found on Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal islands, which are separated by about 100 km of ocean. Occasionally, individuals from either island fly to the other island to stay. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the following mechanisms? a. natural selection b. genetic drift c. gene flow d. mutation
How Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in Populations? Drawing on your newly acquired understanding of the HardyWeinberg equilibrium law, point out why the following statement is erroneous: Because most of the people in Sweden have blond hair and blue eyes, the genes for blond hair and blue eyes must be dominant in that population.
How Can We Measure Allele Frequencies in Populations? Explain the connection between changes in population allele frequencies and evolution, and relate this to the observations made by Wallace and Darwin concerning natural selection.
Let’s suppose the mutation rate for converting a B allele into a b allele is 10–4. The current allele frequencies are B = 0.6 and b = 0.4. How long will it take for the allele frequencies to equal each other, assuming that no genetic drift takes place?
A group of four birds flies to a new location and initiates a new colony. Three of the birds are homozygous AA, and one bird is heterozygous Aa. A. What is the probability that the a allele will become fixed in the population via genetic drift? B. If fixation of the a allele occurs, how long will it take? C. How will the growth of the population, from generation to generation, affect the answers to parts A and B? Explain.
Sickle cell anemia is maintained in human populations because individuals with a single copy of the sickle cell allele have resistance to malaria but lack the health problems of individuals with two copies of the allele. Variation at the sickle cell locus is maintained by which of the following? Group of answer choices A. heterozygote advantage B. random change in allele frequency C. mutation selection balance D. frequency dependent selection
Consider the first copy of an allele for insecticideresistance that arises by mutation in a populationof insects exposed to an insecticide. Is this mutation an adaptation? If, after some generations,we find that most of the population is resistant,is the resistance an adaptation? If we discovergenetic variation for insecticide resistance in apopulation that has had no experience of insecticides, is the variation an adaptation? If an insectpopulation is polymorphic for two alleles, eachof which confers resistance against one of twopesticides that are alternately applied, is thevariation an adaptation? Or is each of the tworesistance traits an adaptation?
If gene A/a is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to natural selection such that individuals with the genotype AA have a fitness value of 1.0, heterozygotes have only slightly reduced fitness at 0.9, and individuals with the genotype aa have a fitness value of 0.6, what kind of change in allele frequency would you expect to see over time assuming you start with equal frequencies of the 2 alleles?
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the effects of genetic drift on a population? a. Populations of the same size will follow the same evolutionary trajectory when evolving due to drift. b. Genetic drift has the potential to drive evolution in all populations. c. Allele frequencies in a population of infinite size will ultimately drift to fixation or loss. d. The loss of otters in California due to excessive hunting cause a founder effect.
There are 25 individuals in population 1, all with genotype AA,and there are 40 individuals in population 2, all with genotypeaa. Assume that these populations are located far from eachother and that their environmental conditions are very similar.Based on the information given here, the observed geneticvariation most likely resulted from(A) genetic drift.(B) gene flow.(C) nonrandom mating.(D) directional selection.