Below presents the sustainable yield curve (measured by tons) for a fishery as a function of the number of efforts at work in the fishery. Effort is measured in terms of fishing-weeks=number of boats fishing x number of weeks per boat. Which of the following information could help convert the Y axis to dollar values (benefits and costs)?
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- Suppose that the world is comprised of two countries, A and B, that jointly exploit a common pool of a non-renewable natural resource, say oil, whose total stock is Q = 300. Country i's net well-being TS(Qit) in period t (i.e.: social benefit from using the resource net of extraction costs) depends on the quantity of oil Qit that country i extracted in period t from the common pool, where i = A,B. Suppose that oil in these countries is fated to be depleted within two periods: 0 (the present) and 1 (the future), so t = 0,1, and that future well-being is discounted at the rate r = 0.25 (so the discount factor δ=0.8). Also suppose that the marginal surplus value in period t is: ΔTS/ΔQit = 100 - Qit. Find the oil extraction allocation that is efficient from the point of view of the whole world (i.e.: the quantities Qit for i = A,B and t = 0,1 that maximize the present value of the world's surplus value.High-income people are willing to pay more thanlower-income people to avoid the risk of death.For example, they are more likely to pay for safetyfeatures on cars. Do you think cost–benefit analystsshould take this fact into account when evaluatingpublic projects? Consider, for instance, a rich townand a poor town, both of which are considering theinstallation of a traffic light. Should the rich town usea higher dollar value for a human life in making thisdecision? Why or why not?SEARCH ASK CHAT MATH SOLVER Question Assume there are two periods: today (0) and tomorrow (1) and that,after tomorrow the world comes to an end. Further assume there are 10 barrels of oilin the ground. Let the total benefits in each period be given as: B(qt) = 10qt−0.5qt2and the total cost of extracting the oil in each period be 2qt. If the discount rate is10%. Suppose that we use up all the oil in the ground over the two periods.(a) Find the net benefits in each period.(b) If a social planner wants choose a level of output q for periods t = 0and t = 1 so as to maximize the discounted sum of net social benefit over bothtime periods, what is the optimal allocation of output over the two periods?(c) Obtain the prices for the two periods, i.e., p0 and p1.(d) Find the royalty in each period. Show that, the discounted value of the royaltyin each period is the same and it is equal to the shadow price of oil (λ).(e) Verify the Hotelling rule (i.e., show that…
- The government of a subtropical country is evaluating the costs and benefits of protecting a rainforest versus cutting it down for timber. The estimated value of the wood is $270$270 million. If the same forest is used as a national park, it may attract 0.030.03 million additional tourists per year. Statistically, each tourist spends $1,600$1,600 inside the country during their stay.How long will it take tourism to exceed the estimated value of the wood in the rainforest? Enter your answer in the box below and round to two decimal places if necessary.Suppose the City of Oolagah is considering building a new water treatment facility to better address nutrient pollution from agricultural runoff. The plant will cost the city $4 million and take one year to build, after which point it will generate $375,000 per year in health benefits over a 20 year time horizon. a)The city has a discount rate of 6%. Please neatly fill in the table below. Time Benefits Costs Net Benefits Present Value of Net Benefits 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 b)What is the Net Present Value of this proposed project? If efficiency was the only objective for making the decision and we have fully accounted for all costs and benefits would you recommend the project go ahead or not? c) Now suppose that the new plan would only generate health benefits for 17 years. What is the NPV of this proposed project? If efficiency was the only objective for making the decision and we have fully accounted for all costs and benefits would you recommend the…Which of these projects is part of the efficient frontier on account of return and account of risk?
- A cost-benefit analysis of a new irrigation project indicates that the net benefits (B C) of the project in each of the first four years will be $2 million. Thereafter, the project will yield positive net benefits of $750,000 for the next 20 years. Calculate the present value of benefits minus costs when the social rate of discount is 10 percent. You can use spreadsheet software to do this calculation. Does the program merit approval? How would the present value of the net benefits change if the social rate of discount were 15 percent?Define the following three major parts of a Bio-economic curve in terms of the Total Cost and Total Revenue relationship: a) Maximum Economic Yield b) Maximum Sustainable Yield c) Open-Access EquilibriumThe climate policy toolkit has, to-date, mostly focused on demand side policies (i.e. policies that affect the pollution demand curve), some of which are ‘command-and control’ and others are market based (e.g. cap-and-trade schemes, carbon taxes). (a) Using a diagram or diagrams, explain how a cap-and-trade scheme could result in pollution reduction. (b) What is the Emissions Reduction Fund and what are its pros and cons? 1(c) Of the following four policy options, which one do you favour as a demandside policy and why? i. command-and-control in terms of a demand side climatechange ii. carbon tax iii. Emissions Reduction Fund iv. cap-and-trade scheme
- Economists may disagree because they havedifferenta. hunches about the validity of alternativetheories.b. judgments about the size of key parameters.c. political philosophies about the goals of publicpolicy.d. All of the above.The supply and demand of sugar are given as Qs = 5P, Qd = 250- P where Qs is tons supplied per year, P is the price per ton; Qd is tons demanded per year. Because of the pollution associated with production, marginal external costs of 40 are associated with each ton of sugar. Assuming that sugar is sold in a competitive market, What is the market price? How many tons of paper will be produced per year at that price? What is the efficient output of paper? What is the amount of total Pigouvian tax to achieve efficiency? What is the amount of total Pigouvian subsidy to achieve efficiency? Expert AnswerThe supply and demand of sugar are given as Qs = 5P, Qd = 250- P where Qs is tons supplied per year, P is the price per ton; Qd is tons demanded per year. Because of the pollution associated with production, marginal external costs of 40 are associated with each ton of sugar. Assuming that sugar is sold in a competitive market, What is the market price? How many tons of paper will be produced per year at that price? What is the efficient output of paper? What is the amount of total Pigouvian tax to achieve efficiency? What is the amount of total Pigouvian subsidy to achieve efficiency?