Blood volume must be restored in a person who has lost large amounts of blood due to serious injury. This is often accomplished by infusing isotonic NaCl solution into the blood. Why is this more effective than infusing an isoosmotic solution of a penetrating solute, such as urea?

Q: The intracellular fluid has: high levels of K+, low levels of Na+, and many large anions low levels…

A: Intracellular fluid is the cytosol within the cell.It contains water, dissolved solutes and…

Q: Using the principles of osmosis, explain why movement of Na + through a plasma membrane is  followed…

A: Diffusion is the process in which any solute particle whether being solid or be a gas can move…

Q: The major cation in intracellular fluid is ________.a. sodiumb. potassiumc. chlorided. bicarbonate

A: Electrolytes are the inorganic compounds. These are the major solutes present in the body fluids and…

Q: Saline is a slightly salty solution sometimes given to Patients to help replenish fluids. What type…

A: A saline solution refers to a solution, which has a mixture of sodium chloride in water.

Q: Describe the difference between the rate of diffusion seen for sodium and urea. Select one: Urea…

A: Diffusion is the process of movement of substance from an higher concentration area to a lower…

Q: Explain how the body detects changes in the osmolality of plasma and describe the regulatory…

A: Hypothalamus is the part of the brain which is located below the thalamus and above the pituitary…

Q: Compare and contrast the relative concentrations of major electrolytes in intracellular and…

A: Electrolytes are the substances that dissociate in solution and are able to conduct the electrical…

Q: One of your patients is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome in which too much protein is released in…

A: Nephrotic syndrome is a renal disorder marked by an elevation in the level of protein secreted and…

Q: Why would it be dangerous to administer intravenous fluids that do not have an osmotic pressure…

A: Osmosis is the process of movement of water molecules via a semipermeable membrane, through a…

Q: The immediate effect of ADH on the renal tubules of frogs and mice is the same, yet when ADH is…

A: Excretion is the phenomenon in which metabolic wastes are released from the organism. Vertebrate…

Q: Why do electrolytes exert a greater osmotic pressure than nonelectrolytes?

A: Osmosis pressure is the lowest pressure that is required to be applied to a solution to avoid the…

Q: During gaseous transport, the chloride ions shifts from _______ to _______ to maintain the ionic…

A: During respiration(internal), the chloride ions shift from plasma to RBC to maintain ionic balance.…

Q: The only way Na* (sodium) can cross the plasma membrane is with the sodium concentration gradient.

A: Introduction Plasma membrane:- Plasma membrane also called the cell membrane, is a part or layer of…

Q: Reabsorption involves what two methods of transport? Describe each. What determines which route a…

A: The process of movement of solutes and water out of the filtrate and back into your bloodstream is…

Q: The renal handling of a novel drug is being studied. When the drug is present in the blood, it is…

A: GivenDrug reabsorption is negligible.

Q: Osmotic pressure is measured with a _____________.

A: Step 1 Osmotic pressure is equal to external pressure which must be applied to stop the entry of…

Q: Cholesterol Is _________ by Enzymes in the _______ and ER Membrane.

A: Cholesterol is a very important molecule in the body and is a precursor for many hormones. It is the…

Q: By what mechanism does the active transport of Na1 lead to the osmotic flow of water across an…

A: The "plasma membrane" is the outer boundary of the cell. It is comprised of phospholipids and…

Q: The osmolarity of plasma is maintained at about 300 mOsM.  What would the osmolarity inside a red…

A: Solute concentration is a solution that makes the solution hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic when…

Q: for the following scenario, DRAW the situation depicted, INDICATE which solution is hypertonic,…

A: SORE THROAT It is a condition marked by pain in the throat, typically caused by inflammation due to…

Q: How many ionizable groups does Vasopressin have? а. 6 b. 5 С. 4 d. 3 е. 2 f. 1 g. 0

A: Vasopressin is also called the antidiuretic hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. It…

Q: Drinking a litre of water will cause the osmolarity of blood plasma to :  INCREASE OR DECREASE?

A: Drinking a liter of water would dilute the plasma.

Q: Give one reason why it is important to maintain plasma osmolarity within a narrow range of values?

A: Osmolarity can be defined as the measure of solute concentration. Solute concentration can be…

Q: Explain why negative charges in the filtration membrane are able to repel protein which are negative…

A: Passive transport is the movement of substances across the membrane without the use of any energy…

Q: Hypotonic solutions cause red blood cells to shrivel- a process known as crenation.

A: Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of…

Q: The inorganic compound most abundant on plasma cell is

A: - Plasma cells are differentiated B-lymphocyte white blood cells . they're capable of secreting…

Q: Name some different examples of ISOTONIC IV solutions & and why a patient might require this type of…

A: Isotonic solution contains an electrolyte balance similar to plasma in bloodstream. Examples are…

Q: Describe the distribution of sodium and water between intracellular and exracellular fluid

A: The body fluid can be classified as either extracellular or intracellular fluids. Extracellular…

Q: What does an increase in permeability mean for the movement of ions?

A: Ion is any atom or any molecule which is charged.It is charged because number of electrons is not…

Q: Several hours after a meal containing a lot of protein , which vessel will contain the highest…

A: Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Excess protein in diet results in its breakdown to produce…

Q: What type of intravenous solution (isotonic/hypertonic/hypotonic) must be administered to a patient…

A: Asked : Type of intravenous solution to patient with polydipsia from head injury

Q: A person in liver failure is deficient in large proteins usually found in the plasma. What will…

A: Introduction  Liver is the largest organ in the body and plays various important role in human…

Q: anisms, when confronted with a changing external osmotic environment, allow the internal (but…

A: Osmosis The ability of the fluid, usually water required to pass through the  semipermeable membrane…

Q: water movement in and out cells is due mainly to fluctuation of the na+ and k+ ion concentrations

A: The water moves in and out of the cell, to maintain the osmotic pressure via osmoregulation. The…

Q: Renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular osmolirity.…

A: The kidneys are bean-shaped organs (about 11 cm x 7 cm x 3 cm) that are located against the back…

Q: Cotransport systems of the internal epithelial cells include the _____ in the intestine facing…

A: Cotransport is the transport of one molecule across the plasma membrane of cell against the…

Q: The difference between the fluxes of a solute moving in two opposite directions is the…

A: Osmosis is termed as the diffusion of water where diffusion is that solute moves from high…

Q: The major cation in extracellular fluid is ________.a. sodiumb. potassiumc. chlorided. bicarbonate

A: The extracellular fluid (ECF) is the body fluid outside the cells. The two main components of the…

Q: Describe the reason why the red blood cells placed in one solution swell and burst and also why the…

A: Red blood cells  The cells which are red in colour and carry oxygen gas to the every cell of our…

Q: Why in the initial phase of fluid replacement is rapid in both isotonic and hypotonic dehydration,…

A: When water is lost continuously from the body, it leads to a deficiency of water content in the body…

Q: Physiological systems can only tolerate small fluctuations in salt and water concentrations.

A: Four important physiological systems of the human body include the skeletal system, digestive…

Q: Explain how a high concentration of sodium ions in theinterstitial fluid affects intracellular fluid…

A: Introduction of Electrolytes: These are the minerals. These are mainly present in the blood And also…

Q: Sodium and chloride are the predominant electrolytes in the extracellular fluid. A. True B. False

A: Within the extracellular fluid, the major cation is sodium and the major anion is chloride. The…

Q: Water could moves across plasma member through simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion, energy is…

A: Owing to the high osmotic pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the cell, water…

Q: when a person receive intravenous fluid to help up blood volume , why is it important to for the…

A: Intravenous fluids are given in the intravenous therapy in which fluids are directly delivered into…

Q: ich of the following is a hypertonic solution (relative to body fluids)? Note: this can occur during…

A: The concentration of the solute is measured in solutions that are used in osmotic experiments. These…

Clinical Pharmacology

Pharmacology is a discipline of medicine that studies how medications interact with the systems and processes of living organisms, focusing on drug action mechanisms as well as therapeutic and other purposes.