Boris and Leo are playing an ultimatum bargaining game, with £1000 to share. Boris is the proposer. Suppose Leo has the following preferences: his utility in monetary terms is the amount of money he gets minus 40 percent of Boris's amount
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- 2. Consider a game that game theory people refer to as the “ultimatum game.”We will refer to our two players as the “offerer” and the “decider”. How the gameworks is that the offerer proposes a way to split $1000 between the two players.While this could be done in a variety of ways, we will assume that the offerersonly has two possible proposals: Either a 50-50 split, or she offers the decider$50 and keeps the rest. The decider can either accept or reject the offer. If the offer is accepted, the money is split as proposed. If the offer is rejected, themoney spontaneously combusts and nobody gets anything. a) List the strategies for each player and write an extensive form version of thegame with payouts. b) List all the Nash equilibria of this game. c) Explain which, if any of the Nash equilibrium are not sub-game perfect. d) Write the game out in normal form and find the pure strategy Nashequilibrium. Explain how this matches with your answers to (b) and (c) . Alsoexplain why there…Consider the following coordination game: Player 2P1 Comedy Show Concert Comedy Show 11,5 0,0 Concert 0,0 2,2 a. Find the Nash equilibrium(s) for this game.b. Now assume Player 1 and Player 2 have distributional preferences. Specifically, both people greatly care about the utility of the other person. In fact, they place equal weight on their outcome and the other person’soutcome, ρ = σ = ½. Find the Nash equilibrium(s) with these utilitarianpreferences.c. Now consider the case where Player1 and Player2 do not like each other. Specifically, any positive outcome for the other person is viewed as anegative outcome for the individual, ρ = σ = -1. Find the Nashequilibrium(s) with these envious preferences.1. In the Traveler’s Dilemma, each of two people chooses a number between 180and 300. Each is paid the lower of the two numbers, but the person who choosesthe higher number must pay an amount x to the person who chose the lowernumber. In one case, x = 5, while in the other case x = 180. What differencewould you expect between choices with the two values of x?a. Higher choices when x = 5.b. Higher choices when x = 180.c. Little or no difference.d. Impossible to predict.2. Consider these statements about communication in experiments.1. Chat communication is usually more effective than written simple signals (A,B, etc.).2. Friendly appeals to mutual interest and payoff dominance are effective.3. Promises often affect beliefs and actions.4. A promise is not worth the paper it is printed on.Which of these are true?a. 1 and 2b. 1 and 3c. 2 and 3d. 1, 2, and 33. A treasure is hidden under one of the four boxes below. A person gets twoguesses to find the treasure. What do you think is the most…
- Theo and Addy are deciding what toys to pick out at the toy store. Depending on what toys they pick, they can play different games together, but they can’t coordinate their choices. They can’t talk to one another at all until after that make their choice. Below is their payout matrix which shows their utility for each choice. All the bold figures are for Theo and all the non bold figures are for Addy. Addy Strategies Theo Strategies Toy Gas Pump Jump Rope Toy food 20 10 10 3 Ball 7 3 9 4 a) If Theo chooses Toy Food, what would be the possible outcomes for Addy? What would be best for Addy? b) If Addy chose a Toy Gas Pump, what are the possible outcomes for Theo? What would be best for Theo? c) Does Addy have a dominant strategy? If yes, what is her strategy? If not how can you tell? d) Does Theo have a dominant strategy? If yes, what is her strategy? If not how…For the operating systems game, let us now assume the intrinsic superiorityof Mac is not as great and that network effects are stronger for Windows.These modifications are reflected in different payoffs. Now, the payoff fromadopting Windows is 50 X w and from adopting Mac is 15 + 5 X m;n consumers are simultaneously deciding between Windows and Mac.a. Find all Nash equilibria.b. With these new payoffs, let us now suppose that a third option exists,which is to not buy either operating system; it has a payoff of 1,000.Consumers simultaneously decide among Windows, Mac, and nooperating system. Find all Nash equilibria.We’ll now show how a college degree can get you a better job even if itdoesn’t make you a better worker. Consider a two-player game between aprospective employee, whom we’ll refer to as the applicant, and an employer. The applicant’s type is her intellect, which may be low, moderate,or high, with probability 1/3 , 1/2 , and 1/6 , respectively. After the applicantlearns her type, she decides whether or not to go to college. The personalcost in gaining a college degree is higher when the applicant is less intelligent, because a less smart student has to work harder if she is to graduate. Assume that the cost of gaining a college degree is 2, 4, and 6 for an applicant who is of high, moderate, and low intelligence, respectively.The employer decides whether to offer the applicant a job as a manageror as a clerk. The applicant’s payoff to being hired as a manager is 15,while the payoff to being a clerk is 10. These payoffs are independent ofthe applicant’s type. The employer’s payoff from…
- Consider the strategic voting game discussed at the endof this chapter, where we saw that the strategy profile (Bustamante, Schwarzenegger,Schwarzenegger) is a Nash equilibrium of the game. Show that (Bustamante, Schwarzeneg-ger, Schwarzenegger) is, in fact , the only rationalizable strategy profile. Do this by firstconsidering the dominated strategies of player L. (Basically, the question is asking youto find the outcome of the iterative elimination of strictly dominated strategies)It is the week before the Yule Ball Dance, and Victor and Ron are each contemplating whether to ask Hermione. As portrayed above, Victor moves first by deciding whether or not to approach Hermione. (Keep in mind that asking a girl to a dance is more frightening than a rogue bludger). If he gets up the gumption to invite her, then Hermione decides whether or not to accept the invitation and go with Victor. After Victor (and possibly Hermione) have acted, Ron decides whether to conquer his case of nerves (perhaps Harry can trick him by making him think he’s drunk Felix Felicis) and finally tell Hermione how he feels about her (and also invite her to the dance). However, note that his information set is such that he doesn’t know what has happened between Victor and Hermione. Ron doesn’t know whether Victor asked Hermione and, if Victor did, whether Hermione accepted. If Ron does invite Hermione and she is not going with Victor— either because Victor didn’t ask, or he did and she…Consider the payoff matrix for a game depicted below. Player 1 selects the row and Player 2 selects the column. Up Down Left 1, -1 -1, 1 Right -1, 1 1, -1 What is (are) the Nash equilibrium (equilibria)? Question 18Answer a. Player 1 plays right; Player 2 plays down b. Player 1 plays left; Player 2 plays down c. Player 1 plays down; Player 2 plays left d. Player 1 plays right; Player 2 plays up e. Player 1 plays up; Player 2 plays left f. There is no Nash equilibrium g. Player 1 plays down; Player 2 plays right h. Player 1 plays up; Player 2 plays right i. Player 1 plays left; Player 2 plays up
- Consider the following two-player game.First, player 1 selects a number x≥0. Player 2 observes x. Then, simultaneously andindependently, player 1 selects a number y1 and player 2 selects a number y2, at which pointthe game ends.Player 1’s payoff is: u1(x; y1) = −3y21 + 6y1y2 −13x2 + 8xPlayer 2’s payoff is: u2(y2) = 6y1y2 −6y22 + 12xy2Draw the game tree of this game and identify its Subgame Perfect Nash Equilibrium.a Suppose you are given a choice between thefollowing options:A1: Win $30 for sureA2: 80% chance of winning $45 and 20% chance ofA2: winning nothing B1: 25% chance of winning $30B2: 20% chance of winning $45Most people prefer A1 to A2 and B2 to B1. Explainwhy this behavior violates the assumption that decisionmakers maximize expected utility.b Now suppose you play the following game: You havea 75% chance of winning nothing and a 25% chance ofplaying the second stage of the game. If you reach thesecond stage, you have a choice of two options (C1 andC2), but your choice must be made now, before youreach the second stage.C1: Win $30 for sureC2: 80% chance of winning $45 13.5 Bayes’ Rule and Decision Trees 767Most people choose C1 over C2 and B2 to B1 (from part(a)). Explain why this again violates the assumption ofexpected utility maximization. Tversky and Kahneman(1981) speculate that most people are attracted to thesure $30 in the second stage, even though the secondstage may never be…Assume the following game situation: If Player A plays UP and Player B plays LEFT then Player A gets $1 and Player B gets $3. If Player A plays UP and Player B plays RIGHT then Player A gets $2 and Player B gets $5. If Player A plays DOWN and Player B plays LEFET then Player A gets $4 and Player B gets $2. If Player A plays DOWN and Player B plays RIGHT then Player A gets $1 and Player B gets $1 What is the Mixed Strategy Equilibrium for Player B? O. (LEFT, RIGHT) = (1/8, 3/8) O. (LEFT, RIGHT) = (1/4, 3/4) O. (LEFT, RIGHT) = (1/2, 1/2) O. (LEFT, RIGHT) = (3/8, 1/8)