Briefly explain how Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) are done. Then, using this example of a Manhattan Plot explain what each of the X-axis and the Y-axis signifies in a GWAS.

Give a step by step method and diagram of how reversible terminator sequencing works.

Explain in detail the AMES test which is used to test for the mutagenic potential of different compounds. Include an explanation of the AMES tester strains and how they work, why the liver is essential to this test and specifically why the control plate is necessary.

Check all the statements that are TRUE regarding 16S or ITS (microbiome) illumina (NGS) sequencing vs. whole genome illumina (NGS) sequencing.    A. You don't need to trim the reads for 16S sequencing, but you do for whole genome sequencing.   B. Whole genome sequencing files will have more reads in them because genomes are bigger than 16S amplicons.   C. The read alignment and contig assembly steps would probably be harder for whole genome sequencing.   D. The 16S molecules being sequenced are always DNA, while for whole genome sequencing they could be RNA or DNA going into the illumina sequencer.   E. NGS for 16S and whole genome sequencing can both use sample indexes/barcodes to maximize efficiency.   F. Whole genome sequencing doesn't necessarily require you to know any of the sequences/targets before hand to design specific primers for.