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- Question 4Every country, including Canada and the US, has used foreign borrowing to industrialize and develop its economy. These long-term loans are classified as foreign direct investment (FDI) and portfolio investment. Explain fully the difference between these two types of loans, including implications for risk and sovereignty. Provide examples of each type. Explain as fully as possible how short-term capital flows are different from long-term capital flows. Give examples of each. For your long-term examples try to use different examples, such as real estate, than those you provided for short-term capital flows.Assume a consumer who has current period income y = 200 , future-period income y' = 150, current and future taxes t = 40 and t' = 50, respectively and faces a market real interest rate ofr 005, or 5% per period. The consumer would like to consume equal amounts in both periods, that is, he or she would like to set c = c', if possible. However, this consumer is a faced with a credit market imperfections, in that he or she cannot borrow at all, that is, s>or=20. (a) Show the consumer's lifetime budget constraint and indifference curves in a diagram. (b) Calculate his or her optimal current period and future-period consumption and optimal, saving, and show this in your diagram.Assume a consumer who has current period income y = 200 , future-period income y' = 150, current and future taxes t = 40 and t' = 50, respectively and faces a market real interest rate ofr 005, or 5% per period. The consumer would like to consume equal amounts in both periods, that is, he or she would like to set c = c', if possible. However, this consumer is a faced with a credit market imperfections, in that he or she cannot borrow at all, that is, s>or=20. (a) Show the consumer's lifetime budget constraint and indifference curves in a diagram. Calculate his or her optimal current period and future-period consumption and optimal, saving, and show this in your diagram. (b) Suppose that everything remains unchanged. except that now t = 20 and t' = 71. Calculate the effects on current and future con sumption and optimal saving, and show this in your diagram (d) Now, suppose alternatively that y = 100. Repeat parts (a) and (b), and explain any differences.
- The demand D (in billions of £) for a bond with coupon rate 5% and face value FV = 1000, andtwo years to maturity as a function of its price P is D = 4000 − 2P. The supply in (billions of£) as a function of the price of the bond is S = 2P + 400. b) Suppose that the yield to maturity of the bond is i = 0.05. What is the quantitydemanded/supplied at this interest rate? What happens to the demand/supply of the bond asthe interest rate increases? Explain why. c) What is the equilibrium interest rate?The demand D (in billions of £) for a bond with coupon rate 5% and face value FV = 1000, andtwo years to maturity as a function of its price P is D = 4000 − 2P. The supply in (billions of£) as a function of the price of the bond is S = 2P + 400. b) Suppose that the yield to maturity of the bond is i = 0.05. What is the quantitydemanded/supplied at this interest rate? What happens to the demand/supply of the bond asthe interest rate increases? Explain why. c) What is the equilibrium interest rate? d) Suppose that the bond trades at premium. Is there excess demand or supply? Explain.e) There is a business cycle expansion, so both supply and demand shifts. After the shift, thenew demand curve is given by: D = 4000 + X − 2P, whereas the new supply curve is S =2P + 200. For which values of X will the interest increase/decrease? Which values of X arein line with empirical data?Using appropriate diagram(s), discuss Fischer’s theory as it relates to determination of optimal investment, borrowing and saving.
- If your portfolio expected annual average total return was 10% and long-term inflation was about 3%, what would your REAL average annual returns be with a 100% equity portfolio? 10% 7% 3% 5% If you put your retirement funds in a savings account earning 0.5% and inflation was 3%, how much would you lose in value each year against inflation by not earning more than inflation on your retirement savings? 0.5% less 3% for minus 2.5% 3% 0.5% 10.2%Read the following premise carefully and answer the questions specifically and in detail: "Financial institutions such as banks, mortgage companies and finance companies serve as intermediaries between those who have a surplus versus those who have a deficit creating a capital injection market." Using the concepts of real interest rate and expected rate of return, he contrasts the relationship between savings and capital investment. Using the macroeconomic theory presented in the module content, he explains the relationship of the financial market with the economic growth of a country. Explain the dynamics that are expected to occur between different development policies in the injection of capital as instruments to promote growth, sustainability and economic stability of a country.Three students have each saved $1,000. Each has an investment opportunity in which he or she can invest up to $2,000. Here are the rates of return on the students’ investment projects: Student Return (Percent) Carlos 4 Felix 7 Janet 15 Assume borrowing and lending is prohibited, so each student uses only personal saving to finance his or her own investment project. Complete the following table with how much each student will have a year later when the project pays its return. Student Money a Year Later (Dollars) Carlos Felix Janet Now suppose their school opens up a market for loanable funds in which students can borrow and lend among themselves at an interest rate rr. A student would choose to be a lender in this market if his or her expected rate of return is than rr. Suppose the interest rate is 6 percent. Among these three students, the quantity of loanable funds supplied would be ,…
- Consider the market for loanable funds. Suppose the demand for loans is given by i= 40-Q+π, and the supply of loans is given by i= -30+Q+π, where π represents inflation. In the case of π=5, what is the equilbrium quantity of loans and what is the corresponsing interest rate? Q*=70, i*=45 Q*=10, i*=35 Q*=35, i*=10 Q*=45, i*=70The demand ? (in billions of £) for a bond with coupon rate 5% and face value ?? = 1000, and two years to maturity as a function of its price ? is ? = 4000 − 2?. The supply in (billions of £)asafunctionofthepriceofthebondis ? = 2?+ 400. There is a business cycle expansion, so both supply and demand shifts. After the shift, the new demand curve is given by: ?=4000+?−2? ,whereas the new supply curve is ?=2? + 200. For which values of ? will the interest increase/decrease? Which values of ? are in line with empirical data?Consider a perpetuity with a coupon of 100. Imagine that the perpetuity is purchased at time t when the market interest rate is equal to 5%. Furthermore, imagine that the coupon income is taxed at 40% and that capital gains are taxed at 20%. What is the after tax rate of return if the perpetuity is sold at time t+1 when the market interest rate continues to be equal to 5%?