Carboxyhemoglobin is formed when hemoglobin is exposed to carbon monoxide. Heavy smokers tend to have a high percentage of carboxyhemoglobin in their blood.† Let xbe a random variable representing percentage of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood. For a person who is a regular heavy smoker, x has a distribution that is approximately normal. A random sample of n = 12 blood tests given to a heavy smoker gave the following results (percent carboxyhemoglobin in the blood). Note: For degrees of freedom d.f. not in the Student's t table, use the closest d.f. that is smaller. In some situations, this choice of d.f. may increase the P-value a small amount and thereby produce a slightly more "conservative" answer. 9.2 9.8 10.8 9.8 11.3 12.2 11.6 10.3 8.9 9.7 13.4 9.9 (a) Use your calculator to calculate x and s. (Round your answers to two decimal places.) x = s = (b) A long-term population mean μ = 10% is considered a health risk. However, a long-term population mean above 10% is considered a clinical alert that the person may be asymptomatic. Do the data indicate that the population mean percentage is higher than 10% for this patient? Use α = 0.05. (i) What is the level of significance?
Continuous Probability Distributions
Probability distributions are of two types, which are continuous probability distributions and discrete probability distributions. A continuous probability distribution contains an infinite number of values. For example, if time is infinite: you could count from 0 to a trillion seconds, billion seconds, so on indefinitely. A discrete probability distribution consists of only a countable set of possible values.
Normal Distribution
Suppose we had to design a bathroom weighing scale, how would we decide what should be the range of the weighing machine? Would we take the highest recorded human weight in history and use that as the upper limit for our weighing scale? This may not be a great idea as the sensitivity of the scale would get reduced if the range is too large. At the same time, if we keep the upper limit too low, it may not be usable for a large percentage of the population!
Carboxyhemoglobin is formed when hemoglobin is exposed to carbon monoxide. Heavy smokers tend to have a high percentage of carboxyhemoglobin in their blood.† Let xbe a random variable representing percentage of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood. For a person who is a regular heavy smoker, x has a distribution that is approximately normal. A random sample of
tests given to a heavy smoker gave the following results (percent carboxyhemoglobin in the blood). Note: For degrees of freedom d.f. not in the Student's t table, use the closest d.f. that is smaller. In some situations, this choice of d.f. may increase the P-value a small amount and thereby produce a slightly more "conservative" answer.
| 9.2 | 9.8 | 10.8 | 9.8 | 11.3 | 12.2 |
| 11.6 | 10.3 | 8.9 | 9.7 | 13.4 | 9.9 |
| x | = | |
| s | = |
(b) A long-term population mean
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