compare the binding site locations in the brain for enkephalins and the prescription painkillers morphine and codeine.

Q: Give two COX inhibitors. Why does COX inhibitors act as blood thinner, and antipyretic drugs?

A: Cyclooxygenase is an enzyme present in the blood vessels and muscle tissues, primarily involved in…

Q: Explain the Crosstalk between 2nd messenger systems and the purpose of each step of the pathway.

A: There is crosstalk between different second messenger systems in the cell. This crosstalk allows for…

Q: Illustrate and explain the mechanism of analgesic action of morphine and also prove that morphine is…

A: Introduction Morphine, an opioid agonist, shows a pharmacological action as an analgesic by acting…

Q: Drugs bind to receptor and give response to the body. What type of binding involve in this process ?

A: Receptors are large molecules that play a role in biochemical communication among and inside cells.…

Q: Briefly explain, in biochemical and behavioral means, how cannabis could be used to reduce symptorns…

A: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that develops in some people after witnessing a…

Q: The synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from phosphatidylethanolamine requires: a. Tetrahydrofolate b.…

A: The study of chemical reactions that occurs within living organisms is called biochemistry. This…

Q: Why morphine show less analgesic activity after oral administration? Briefly explain at your own…

A: Morphine is a pain reliever in the opiate family that occurs naturally in a dark brown resinous…

Q: Receptors, such as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are common drug targets. Ligands that target…

A: Receptors are proteins that are involved in the biological pathways . Ligands are molecules that…

Q: Butaclamol is a potent antipsychotic that has been used clinically in the treatment of…

A: An asymmetric center is an atom that is attached or bonded to four different groups. It is also…

Q: Briefly define the mechanism of analgesic action of morphine? explain at your own words

A: Analgesics(pain killer) are defined as the class of drugs where it play a major role in relieving…

Q: Briefly illustrated the mechanism of analgesic action of morphine? explain at your own words

A: Morphine is an opiate pain reliever extracted exclusively from the poppy plant called Papaver…

Q: Substrates for MAO (monoamine oxidase) include monoaminergio neurotranamitters cuch as…

A: Enzymes are protein molecules composed of 20 standard amino acids attached together via peptide…

Q: The drug Buckeyium binds to the NMDA receptor at the orthosteric binding site (were glutamate would…

A: NMDA receptors(N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors) is an ionotropic glutamate receptor in the nerve…

Q: Describe the steps of neurotransmitter release involving the proteins v-snare and t-snare.

A: SNARE proteins are a huge protein family comprising of 24 members in yeasts and in excess of 60…

Q: The biological activity of cocaine is dependent on its crossing of the blood brain barrier. The free…

A: Cocaine is a recreational drug that is either inhaled or smoked. It exists in two forms free base…

Q: What is a main reason for side effects with traditional drugs that bind to the active site of a…

A: Some of the traditional drugs that are known to act on the single active site of a receptor, can…

Q: In the brain imaging experiment we discussed, where they observe the effects of exercise on…

A: Excercise leads to various changes in the body such as sweating , activation of sympathetic nervous…

Q: Give 2 examples of drugs which target neurotransmitter release or reuptake.(expect from cocaine and…

A: These are chemical messengers that transmit signal from a neuron,  muscle cell or gland cell.

Q: List the two substances in the body which naturally stimulate opioid receptors.

A: the human body have receptors called opioid receptors . these are g protein coupled receptors that…

Q: When the researchers instead used tissue from intestinal musclesrather than brains, they found no…

A: A drug is a substance which is prescribed to treat an infection or disease. It changes the…

Q: Describe several applications of monoclonals in medicine.

A: A single white blood cell is cloned to make monoclonal antibodies. Following this method, all…

Q: Draw the structure of morphine and Identify the important function groups which modification can…

A: The pain-relieving properties of morphine and analogues are well established. It belongs to the…

Q: . ___________ are a group of synthetic drugs that stimulate the central nervous system.

A: Designer drugs are synthetic compounds that contain modified molecular structures of illegal or…

Q: compare the structures of the peptide neurotransmitters Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin

A: Enkephalins, which play a role in memory, learning, emotional activity, and pain, are compounds…

Q: Which of the sequences of Pharmacokinetic Phase does Morphine sulfate follow in terms of its drug…

A: MORPHINE SULFATE:- A drug that is used to treat moderate to severe pain. It binds to opioid…

Q: Why does morphine show less analgesic activity after oral administration? explain at your own words

A: Medications that we used today for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases  are in…

Q: The structures of norepinephrine and epinephrine differ by a single methyl group . Knowing what you…

A: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are biomolecules that comes under the group called catecholamines .…

Q: Describe the changes that occur in each step of the mechanism. (The probable mechanism of action of…

A: Chymotrypsin is a serine protease which selectively cleaves the peptide bonds. Its catalytic…

Q: Activity of thionamide is potentiated by all of the following, except:A. AnticoagulantsB. Beta…

A: Introduction  Thyroid hormones play a vital role in controlling body’s metabolism rate. Thyroid…

Q: drug antagonist

A: Chemical substances that when ingested induce physiological or psychological changes in an organism…

Q: Explain what is meant by the statement "Metabotropic receptors act via second messengers."

A: Metabotropic receptors: Metabotropic receptors is also known as G-protein coupled receptor that…

Q: glutamate when it binds to postsynaptic AMPA receptors

A: glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, it primarily…

Q: An induced dipole-dipole interaction has been proposed between aromatic amino acid residues present…

A: Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system. It is derived from the…

Q: EXPLAIN THE RECEPTOR THEORY AND THE FOUR RECEPTOR FAMILIES. WHAT CLASS OF MEDICATION IS VERAPAMIL,…

A: A protein that binds to a specific molecule is known as a receptor. The ligand is the molecule to…

Q: Why might topical, cosmetic application of atropine or scopolamine from the belladonna plant not…

A: The nervous system of the humans is generally classified into central and peripheral nervous system.…

Q: Why do people use crack cocaine? What are the major toxicity caused by the use of high doses of this…

A: Stimulants are a classification of drugs that have the ability to produce short-term enhancement in…

Q: What are the superiorities of PPI over H2 blocker? How Omeprazole acts? Please briefly explain at…

A: Stomach is the region where most of the digestion of food occurs. The stomach secretes the gastric…

Q: Discuss the SARs of 4 selective Beta Blockers and 1 combined beta blockers.

A: Beta blockers are a class of medications that are used for the purpose of managing abnormal rhythms…

Q: All the following transmitters are neuropeptides, except :-a- neuropeptide Yb- somatostatinc-…

A: Neuropeptides refers to the small protein like molecules which are produced and released by neurons.…

Q: Chymotrypsin preferentially binds the transition state. What is meant by that?

A: Transition state is free energy maximum state. It is an intermediate stage of enzyme-catalyzed…

Q: State the action of each of the following signal molecules:a. mTORb. SREBP-1Cc. PDK1d. TSHe.…

A: Communication between cells in an organism is done through Signaling molecules. The signaling…

Q: Below are structures of morphine, heroin, fentanyl and tramadol. Which of the following is/are true…

A: Opioid drugs are widely used for pain relief and act on the opioid rectors of the cells. Fentanyl is…

Q: Morphine (give structure) and enkephelin (give structure) both are antagonists of the m opioid…

A: Morphine is pain medication which is used in Treatment of pain.this is belongs to opiate family.…

Substance Abuse

Substance abuse refers to the use of illegal drugs in excessive quantities, as well as the misuse of legal substances such as prescription or over-the-counter pharmaceuticals or alcohol for purposes other than those intended. Drug addiction, also known as substance use disorder, is a disease that affects the brain and behavior of a person. It leads to a failure to control the use of any drug or prescription, legal or illegal.