concept defines a species as a group of organisms that are capable of exchanging Mayr's genes. O biological species Ocladogenic species O phylogenetic species O evolutionary species O morphospecies Which of the following statements is FALSE? Histone acetylation leads to decreased gene expression. DNA methylation is associated with epigenetic gene repression. Actually, these are all true statements. DNA methylation is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases. O Histones can be methylated at lysine residues.

concept defines a species as a group of organisms that are capable of exchanging Mayr's genes. O biological species Ocladogenic species O phylogenetic species O evolutionary species O morphospecies Which of the following statements is FALSE? Histone acetylation leads to decreased gene expression. DNA methylation is associated with epigenetic gene repression. Actually, these are all true statements. DNA methylation is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases. O Histones can be methylated at lysine residues.

Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)

14th Edition

ISBN:9781305073951

Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Chapter26: Human Evolution

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1DAA: Neanderthal Hair Color The MC1R gene regulates pigmentation in humans (Sections 14.1 and 15.1...

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Just as anatomical homology can lead to vestigial structuressuch as human wisdom teeth and the wings of flightlessbirds, genetic homology can lead to vestigial DNA sequences.For example, most mammal species produce an enzyme,L-gulonolactone oxidase, that catalyzes the last step in the productionof vitamin C. The species that produce the enzyme areable to do so because they all inherited the gene that encodesit from a common ancestor. Humans, however, do not produceL-gulonolactone oxidase, so we can’t produce vitamin C ourselvesand must consume it in our diets. But even though wedon’t produce the enzyme, our cells do contain a stretch of DNAwith a sequence very similar to that of the enzyme-producinggene present in rats and most other mammals. The human version,though, does not encode the enzyme (or any protein). Weinherited this stretch of DNA from an ancestor that we share withother mammal species, but in us, the sequence has undergonea change that rendered it nonfunctional. (The…
. a. If you found a zinc-finger domain (which facilitates DNA binding) in a newly identified gene,what kinds of hypotheses could you make aboutthe gene’s function?b. Suppose that this newly identified gene shares ahigh percentage of similarity throughout its lengthwith a previously characterized gene in the sameorganism. What does this fact suggest about the origin of the two genes? Would you categorize thesegenes as being: (i) homologous, (ii) paralogous, or(iii) orthologous? (More than one answer may apply.)
Reverse translation is a term given to the process ofdeducing the DNA sequence that could encode a particular protein. If you had the amino acid sequenceTrp His Ile Met:a. What human nuclear DNA sequence could haveencoded these amino acids? (Include all possiblevariations.)b. What human mitochondrial DNA sequence couldhave encoded these amino acids? (Include allpossible variations.)
In instances in the eukaryotic genome, DNA sequences repre- sent evolutionary vestiges of duplicated copies of genes. What are such regions called and what are their characteristics?
The origin of genes that have new functions often involves the divergence of geneduplicates. Duplicates can arise via severalmechanisms.a. One mechanism of gene duplication is retrotransposition, the insertion into the genomeof DNA produced by reverse transcription ofa messenger RNA. These gene duplicates areoften dead on arrival: they are pseudogenesas soon as they are formed. Why are suchduplicates so often dead on arrival?b. A second mechanism of gene duplicationoccurs via unequal crossing over duringmeiosis. Gene duplicates formed this way arefunctional more often than when they arise byreverse transcription. Why is that?c. If a gene duplicate is initially functional, whatare its possible ultimate fates? Which is mostlikely, and why?
. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY The scientists mapping the SNPs inthe human genome noticed that groups of SNPs tended to beinherited together, in blocks known as haplotypes, ranging inlength from 5,000 to 200,000 base pairs. There are as few as fouror five commonly occurring combinations of SNPs per haplotype.Integrating what you’ve learned throughout this chapter and thisunit, propose an explanation for this observation
In general, which of the following is expected to exhibit the lowest rate of evolutionarychange?a. Synonymous changes in amino acid–coding regions of exonsb. Nonsynonymous changes in amino acid–coding regions of exonsc. Intronsd. Pseudogenes
Neanderthal Hair Color The MCIR gene regulates pigmentation in humans (Sections 14.1 and 15.l revisited), .so loss-of-function mutations in this gene affect hair and .skin color. A person with two mutated alleles for this gene makes more of the reddish melanin than the brownish melanin, resulting in red hair and pa le skin. DNA extracted from two Neanderthal fossils contains a mutated MC1R allele that has not yet been found in humans, To see how the. Neanderthal mutation affects the function of the MC1R gene, Carles Lalueza-Fox and her team introduced the allele into cultured monkey cells (FIGURE 26.1 6). FIGURE 26.16 MC1R activity in monkey cells transgenic for an unmutated MClR gene, the Neanderthal MC1R allele or the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP is- not related to MC1R. 2. What does this imply about the mutations effect on Neanderthal hair color?
Neanderthal Hair Color The MCIR gene regulates pigmentation in humans (Sections 14.1 and 15.l revisited), .so loss-of-function mutations in this gene affect hair and .skin color. A person with two mutated alleles for this gene makes more of the reddish melanin than the brownish melanin, resulting in red hair and pa le skin. DNA extracted from two Neanderthal fossils contains a mutated MC1R allele that has not yet been found in humans, To see how the. Neanderthal mutation affects the function of the MC1R gene, Carles Lalueza-Fox and her team introduced the allele into cultured monkey cells (FIGURE 26.1 6). FIGURE 26.16 MC1R activity in monkey cells transgenic for an unmutated MClR gene, the Neanderthal MC1R allele or the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP is- not related to MC1R. What purpose do the cells with the gene for green fluorescent protein serve in this experiment?
An interesting phenomenon found in vertebrate DNAis the existence of pseudogenes, nonfunctional copiesof a gene found elsewhere in the genome. Some pseudogenes appear to have originated as double-strandedDNA copies of mature mRNA inserted into the chromosome; these copies later underwent mutations tomake them into pseudogenes.a. What sequence information might provide cluesthat the original source of some of these pseudogenes is cDNA copied in cells from mRNA andthen inserted into the genome?b. Would this mechanism of generating pseudogenesbe more likely to have operated if the pseudogenewas part of a gene family clustered in one region ofthe genome, or if it was instead part of a genefamily whose members are scattered around thegenome? Explain
Neanderthal Hair Color The MC1R gene regulates pigmentation in humans (Sections 14.1 and 15.1 revisited), so loss-of-function mutations in this gene affect hair and skin color. A person with two mutated alleles for this gene makes more of the reddish melanin than the brownish melanin, resulting in red hair and pale skin. DNA extracted from two Neanderthal fossils contains a mutated MC1R allele that has not yet been found in humans. To see how the Neanderthal mutation affects the function of the MC1R gene. Carles Lalueza-Fox and her team introduced the allele into cultured monkey cells (FIGURE 26.16). FIGURE 26.16 MC1R activity in monkey cells transgenic for an unmutated MC1R gene, the Neanderthal MC1R allele, or the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP is not related to MC1R. 1. How did MCR1 activity in monkey cells with the mutant allele differ from that in cells with the normal allele?
select the correct options: A) For organisms that diverged >74 mya, ignore 3rd base positions within codons because they will offer little phylogenetic information for organisms. B) use different parts ofthe genome to estimate different parts of a phylogeny C) Use only 1st base positions within codons because they increase rapidly at first, then level off as result of single subsitituions at the same sites D) Use slowly evolvong sites in the squecne, such as 2nd base positions within codonsfor analyzing the oldest relationships among organisms.