Consider the following model of global climate change negotiations. For every unit of resources devoted to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the world sees a benefit of 2, which is shared equally among countries. There are 10 countries. Each country is asked to commit to devoting an amount of resources towards reducing the emissions in its jurisdiction. Assume these commitments are enforceable. Suppose you are in charge of your country's commitment and you know that the remaining 9 countries have committed a total of X resources. Your payoff from committing y resources is

Consider the following model of global climate change negotiations. For every unit of resources devoted to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the world sees a benefit of 2, which is shared equally among countries. There are 10 countries. Each country is asked to commit to devoting an amount of resources towards reducing the emissions in its jurisdiction. Assume these commitments are enforceable. Suppose you are in charge of your country's commitment and you know that the remaining 9 countries have committed a total of X resources. Your payoff from committing y resources is

Principles of Economics 2e

2nd Edition

ISBN:9781947172364

Author:Steven A. Greenlaw; David Shapiro

Publisher:Steven A. Greenlaw; David Shapiro

Chapter12: Environmental Protection And Negative Externalities

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 13SCQ: A country called Sherwood is very heavily covered with a forest of 50,000 trees. There are proposals...

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Why do low-income countries like Brazil, Egypt, or Vietnam have lower environmental standards than high-income countries like the Germany, Japan, or the United States?
What are the economic tradeoffs between low-income and high-income countries in international conferences on global environmental damage?
A country called Sherwood is very heavily covered with a forest of 50,000 trees. There are proposals to clear some of Sherwoods forest and grow com, but obtaining this additional economic output will have an environmental cost from reducing the number of trees. Table 12.11 shows possible combinations of economic output and environmental protection. Sketch a graph of a production possibility frontier with environmental quality on the horizontal axis, measured by the number of trees, and the quantity of economic output, measured in corn, on the vertical axis. Which choices display productive efficiency? How can you tell? Which choices show allocative efficiency? How can you tell? In the choice between T and R, decide which one is better. Why? In the choice between T and S, can you say which one is better, and why? If you had to guess, which choice would you think is more likely to represent a command-and-control environmental policy and which choice is more likely to represent a market-oriented environmental policy, choice Q or S? Why?
Consider the case of global environmental problems that spill across international borders as a prisoners dilemma of the sort studied in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly. Say that there are two countries, A and B. Each country can cheese whether to protect the environment, at a cost of 10, or not to protect it, at a cost of zero. If one country decides to protect the environment, there is a benefit of 16, but the benefit is divided equally between the two countries. If both countries decide to protect the environment, there is a benefit of 32, which is divided equally between the two centuries. In Table 12.10, fill in the costs, benefits, and total payoffs to the countries of the following decisions. Explain why, without some international agreement, they are likely to end up with neither country acting to protect the environment.
In what ways (it) company investments in research and development create positive externalities?
The following table describes the productionpossibilities of two cities in the country of Baseballia:Pairs of RedSocks per Workerper HourPairs of WhiteSocks per Workerper HourBoston 3 3Chicago 2 1a. Without trade, what is the price of white socks (interms of red socks) in Boston? What is the price inChicago?b. Which city has an absolute advantage in theproduction of each color sock? Which city has acomparative advantage in the production of eachcolor sock?c. If the cities trade with each other, which color sockwill each export?d. What is the range of prices at which mutuallybeneficial trade can occur?
Some people argue that we need “more proof ” or “betterscience” before we commit to changes in our energyeconomy. How much certainty do you think we needbefore we take action regarding climate change? Howmuch certainty do you need in your own life before youmake a major decision? Should nations and elected officialsfollow a different standard? Do you feel that theprecautionary principle (pp. 155, 220) is an appropriatestandard in the case of global climate change? Why orwhy not?
Case: Despite 2015 Paris agreement, global carbon emissions increased 1.7 percent in 2017 and a further 2.7 percent in 2018; it has been estimated that the rate of increase in 2019 will be among the highest on record. The last four years have been the hottest on record, with 2019 on track to make it five. But analyses suggest that fast action now can reduce carbon emissions within 12 years and hold global increases below 2 degrees C and perhaps 1.5. Even though carbon emissions in The Gambia, Morocco and India are expected to rise, they’ll fall short of exceeding the 1.5-degree Celsius limit. But some countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Russia, and United States, are not trying hard enough. a. Explain the inefficiency in this case! Use graphics b. Why can't this problem be solved through market mechanisms as in private goods? c. Give possible public (global) solutions and private (global) solutions to this and what are the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Review the numbers for Canada and Venezuelafrom Table 33.12 which describes how many barrelsof oil and tons of lumber the workers can produce. Usethese numbers to answer the rest of this question.a. Draw a production possibilities frontier for eachcountry. Assume there are 100 workers in eachcountry. Canadians and Venezuelans desire bothoil and lumber. Canadians want at least 2,000tons of lumber. Mark a point on their productionpossibilities where they can get at least 3,000tons.b. Assume that the Canadians specializecompletely because they figured out they havea comparative advantage in lumber. They arewilling to give up 1,000 tons of lumber. Howmuch oil should they ask for in return for thislumber to be as well off as they were with notrade? How much should they ask for if theywant to gain from trading with Venezuela? Note:We can think of this “ask” as the relative price ortrade price of lumber.c. Is the Canadian “ask” you identified in (b) alsobeneficial for Venezuelans? Use the…
A nation with fixed quantities of resources is able toproduce any of the following combinations of carpet andcarpet looms:Yards of carpet(Millions)Carpet looms(Thousands)0 4512 4224 3636 2748 1560 0These figures assume that a certain number of previouslyproduced looms are available in the current period forproducing carpet.a. Using the data in the table, graph the ppf (with carpet onthe vertical axis).b. Does the principle of “increasing opportunity cost” holdin this nation? Explain briefly. (Hint: What happens tothe opportunity cost of carpet—measured in number oflooms—as carpet production increases?)c. If this country chooses to produce both carpet and looms,what will happen to the ppf over time? Why?Now suppose that a new technology is discovered thatallows an additional 50 percent of yards of carpet to beproduced by each existing loom.d. Illustrate (on your original graph) the effect of this newtechnology on the ppf.e. Suppose that before the new technology is introduced, thenation…
Critically analyse the macroeconomic and financial effects of climate change. How do these effectsdiffer between the Global South and the Global North?
What makes climate change an economic problem? And if it is, how should policy dealwith it?Your answer should include reference to at least three of the following aspects of theproblem:a) Climate change as an externalityb) A carbon tax vs. cap and tradec) Cost-benefit analysisd) Assessing costs to future generationse) Environmental dynamics