Consider the following model of the labour market: 60 = Et + Ut Ut+1 = Ut − ² · Ut + ² · Et, - where Et denotes the number of employed persons (in period t) and U, denotes the number of unemployed persons (both measured in millions). a) Interpret the above equations and calculate steady-state unemployment.
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- Consider a simple model where workers can be either employed or unemployed. Suppose the labour force is L= 100 million workers, the job separation rate is 2% per month and the job finding rate is 38% per month. Which of the following is true? A. In steady state, 5 million workers are unemployed B. All of the other options C. In steady state, 38 million workers are employed D. In steady state, there are more workers losing their jobs than there are unemployed workers finding a jobQuestion1) a) A labor market is in steady state equilibrium with unemployment rate u = 0.04 and probability of re-employment per month λ = 0.12. What is the probability of becoming unemployed in a month? b) What is the size of the labor force when the number of unemployed is U = 20,000? How long does an unemployment spell last on average? c) An increase in unemployment benefits makes the duration of unemployment spells 10 months. What is the new level of unemployment? d) In a simple job search model, the probability of an unemployed worker finding a job (λ) is equal to the probability of receiving a job offer (µ) times the probability of accepting it (p). Assume that the reduction in λ from part a) to part c) is not due to changes in unemployment benefits, but rather due to changes in µ. If p remains constant at 0.2, what is the reduction in µ? e) It is not realistic to assume that p remains constant. Explain why. Assuming that the wage distribution is fixed, in which direction…Suppose 25,000 persons become unemployed. You are given the following data about the length of unemployment spells in the economy:Duration of Spell (in months) Exit Rate1 0.602 0.203 0.204 0.205 0.206 1.00where the exit rate for month t gives the fraction of unemployed persons who have been unemployed t months and who “escape” unemployment at the end of the month.a. How many unemployment-months will the 25,000 unemployed workers experience?b. What fraction of persons who are unemployed are “long-term unemployed” in that their unemployment spells will last five or more months?c. What fraction of unemployment months can be attributed…
- Assume that an economy operates according to the sticky-wage model. The nominal wagewas set to make labor supply and labor demand equal when the expected price levelequaled 120 (as measured by the consumer price index).a. Use a graph of the labor market to illustrate what happens to the quantity oflabor employed if the actual price level over the time period when wages arestuck equals 110.b. Use a graph of the production function to illustrate how the quantity of outputproduced changes if the actual price level equals 110 when the expected pricelevel is 120.c. Given the unexpectedly low price level, will this economy be operating above,below, or at the natural rate?Assume that the unemployment rate (U) equals 8 %. Suppose that the natural rate of unemployment (U*) equals 5 % and the coefficient σ is 0.6. Use Okun’s law to answer the following: A.) Find the output gap ratio to the potential output? B.) If the potential output equals 160, calculate the actual output?Analyse how a Neoclassical version of the labour market would indicate that, in equilibrium, all unemployment is voluntary, and how, assuming imperfect competition instead, would account for the existence of some involuntary unemployment.
- Consider the following dialog between Amy, an economics student who currently studies macroeconomics, and Deborah, her teaching assistant.AMY: Hi Deborah, I'm working on my Aplia homework and realized that I do not understand the definition of the labor force very well. Does it include discouraged workers? DEBORAH: Hi Amy, the conventional definition of the labor force excludes discouraged workers. This is because they gave up looking for jobs . Also, be sure not to mistake discouraged workers for part-time workers. The key difference is that the latter cannot find suitable full-time jobs . AMY: I think I understand it now, thank you. DEBORAH: Let me ask you a question to see if you can apply your knowledge. Consider an economy with 20 full-time workers, 16 part-time workers, 10 workers who have been laid off but are actively looking for a new job, and 3 formerly full-time workers who have been without a job for over a year, failed to find any, and gave up looking. Can you…What is the diference between the natural rate of unemployment andcyclical unemployment? How are these related to structural and frictionalunemployment?One of the Saretec's students is Amanda Shayi, previously an Eskom electrical technician who is completing the seven-month Saretec course to upgrade her skills, to become a wind turbine service technician, thus, maintaining the continuity of power." From the following alternatives, what type of unemployment is applicable, and what type of policy, from which side, is being applied to tackle the unemployment problem caused by the decommissioning of the coal-fired power stations?
- Which one of the following statements is INCORRECT? A Keynesian economists believe that the business cycle is caused by external factors, such as governmentinterference in the economy.B Classical economists believe that market economies are inherently stable and fluctuations are ascribed toexogenous factors.C Classical economists believe that government should not intervene in the economy to try to smooth out thebusiness cycle.D Structuralist economists believe that the market system is neither inherently stable norsystematically unstable . Consider the case of two countries, Afghanistan and the US, both producing carpets and fighter aircraft.The table below shows output rates per day in the two countries if all resources are fully and efficientlyemployed. Use this information to answer the question.Carpets Fighter aircraftAfghanistan 100 4US 500 25An appropriate international exchange ratio that would allow mutually advantageous trade to takeplace would be: A 1 aircraft = 25 carpets.B…Classify each of the below individuals as employed, unemployed, not in the labor force, or not in the adult, civilian, non-institutionalized population. A retiree who will work if a job becomes available but is not actively applying: employed unemployed not in the labor force not in the adult, civilian, non-institutionalized population An employee on temporary maternity/paternity leave: employedunemployednot in the labor forcenot in the adult, civilian, non-institutionalized population A student who has begun applying for jobs but has not yet found one: employed unemployed not in the labor forcenot in the adult, civilian, non-institutionalized population An actor who works part-time at a restaurant but is looking for full-time work: employed unemployed not in the labor forcenot in the adult, civilian, non-institutionalized populationaccording to bathtub labour market model unemployment rate is 12% separation rate is 1.5% and job finding rate is 15% . how many periods will it take for the unemployment rate to decrease to 1.5 percentage points