Consider the problems of adverse selection and moral hazard arising from asymmetric information: a. Consider government-provided health insurance, such as OHIP in Ontario, and government-mandated health insurance, such as Obamacare in the United States. Which problem are such programs intended to combat: adverse selection or moral hazard? Very briefly characterize the tradeoff between adverse selection and moral hazard as it relates to health insurance public policy.
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- Why is there asymmetric information in the labor market? What signals can an employer look for that might indicate file traits they are seeking in a new employee?Briefly explain what it means for information to be asymmetric. a. What is Moral Hazard? b. Identify and briefly explain three methods that insurance companies could use to off-set the moral hazard associated with their industry. c. What is Adverse Selection?This question is broken into 4 parts. Please answer all parts. A. Explain the relation between moral hazard and insurance premiums. B. Now think about how people with different health risks assess insurance products with a given deductible, and explain how supporters of minimizing adverse selection should think about a proposal (say from Bernie Sanders) that all insurance policies should have zero deductibles and coinsurance. C. Does community rating make the policy tradeoffs inherent in b harder or easier to manage? D. Would a purchase mandate make the policy tradeoffs inherent in b + c harder or easier to manage?
- 4 Suppose that a person’s demand curve for physician office visits is P = 200 – 20Q, where P is the price of an office visit, and Q is the number of physician visits per year. Also, suppose that the marginal cost of an office visit is always $60. c. Suppose this person obtains health insurance. The policy has no deductible, but has a coinsurance rate of 50 percent. How many visits will occur now? d. Suppose that the policy has no deductible but has a $20 co-payment. How many visits will occur now? e. Suppose the policy has a $20 co-payment and a $500 deductible. How many visits will occur now? f. Calculate the deadweight losses in the policies described in parts c, d, and e.Faustian health economics. Consider Figure 11.10, which shows the locus of feasible contracts for the population of the nation of Pcoria. In which corner of this diagram (northeast, southeast, northwest, or southwest) is utility highest for consumers? What prevents insurance companies from offering contracts in this corner? On your own version of Figure 11.10, plot new points to represent where the market would be under (i) a nationally mandated full insurance policy and (ii) an insurance ban. (Please draw a diagram) Would a nationally mandated full insurance policy be optimal for Pcoria? What about an insurance ban? Suppose the devil approaches the newly elected president of Pcoria with an unusual bargain. He offers to magically eliminate moral hazard, but in return, Pcoria must forbid contracts that are more than half full. On a new version of Figure 11.10, draw a new locus of the contracts that would be feasible if the president takes the devil's bargain. Should the president take…What is the significance when it comes to moral hazard to show it's efficient function of a medical market?
- Suppose that Elaine’s demand for doctor visits per year is given by the equation: P = 250 – 20Q, where Q is the number of doctor visits and P is the price. The marginal cost of providing this service is fixed at $130 per patient. What is the efficient level of visits per year? What would be the total cost to provide the efficient level of visits? On a supply/demand graph, illustrate this situation; label the efficient levels from part (a). If Elaine obtains insurance with no deductible and a copayment of $10 per visit, how many times would she visit the doctor per year? In total, how much does Elaine pay out of pocket for her visits and how much does the insurer have to pay? Calculate the deadweight loss resulting from the insurance policy and show this region on your graph. What happens to the size of the deadweight loss as the copayment increases? Briefly explain why the insurance policy can induce moral hazard.Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the concept of "adverse selection"? Multiple Choice Adverse selection describes a situation where an individual's demand for insurance is positively correlated with the individual's risk of loss. Adverse selection occurs when someone increases their exposure to risk when insured. This can happen, for example, when a person takes more risks because someone else bears the cost of those risks. The relationship between smoking status and mortality provides a good illustration for adverse selection, especially in the case in which a life insurance company did not vary its premiums according to smoking status of its customers. To counter the effects of adverse selection, insurers may offer premiums that are proportional to a customer's risk.Suppose the demand for anxiety medication prescriptions is given by P = 300 – Q. Suppose the marginal cost for a prescription of anxiety medicine is constant at $100 per prescription. a. What is the quantity demanded in the absence of any insurance coverage for anxiety medication? b. Now, suppose there is full insurance coverage for anxiety medication (i.e. no cost-sharing at all). What is the new quantity demanded? c. Finally, suppose insurance covers anxiety medication, but there is 20% coinsurance, meaning that individuals must pay 20% of the cost of anxiety medication out of pocket. What is the new quantity demanded? d. Under the insurance structure given in part (c), what is the deadweight loss associated with the presence of insurance coverage?
- Suppose that there are two countries, Beta and Gamma. Suppose further that everyone in country Beta is on Insurance B and everyone in country Gamma is on Insurance G. Suppose further that both governments use government-set price controls. In 2005, country Beta decided to change the reimbursement rate for pharmaceuticals, but country Gamma did not make this change. You, a researcher, want to study the effect of offering coverage for this drug had an impact on health expenditures. You have average health expenditures for State Beta and Gamma prior to 2005 and post-2005. Using the information in the table below, a quick difference-in-difference calculation suggests covering this drug ____ health expenditures by approximately ____. State Time Periods Pre-2005 Post-2005 State Beta $1000 $1400 State Gamma $1500 $1700 a. decreased; $400 b. increased; $200 c. increased; $400 d. decreased; $200Suppose that there are two countries, Beta and Gamma. Suppose further that everyone in country Beta is on Insurance B and everyone in country Gamma is on Insurance G. Suppose further that both governments use government-set price controls. In 2005, country Beta decided to change the reimbursement rate for pharmaceuticals, but country Gamma did not make this change. You, a researcher, want to study the effect of offering coverage for this drug had an impact on health expenditures. You have average health expenditures for State Beta and Gamma prior to 2005 and post-2005. Using your finding from the question above, you can infer that country Beta likely _____ reimbursement rates for pharmaceutical drugs. State Time Periods Pre-2005 Post-2005 State Beta $1000 $1400 State Gamma $1500 $1700 a. lower b. did not change c. raisedLong-term disability (LTD) insurance policies cover workers who become disabled and can no longer perform their job functions. Workers who think they qualify as disabled can submit a claim to their employer for LTD payments to replace their lost wages. Below is an excerpt of the abstract of a recent NBER working paper entitled “Moral hazard and claims deterrence in private disability insurance” by David Autor, Mark Duggan, and Jonathan Gruber (2012): We provide a detailed analysis of the incidence, duration and determinants of claims made on private Long Term Disability (LTD) policies using a database of approximately 10,000 policies and 1 million workers from a major LTD insurer. . . . [W]e find that a higher [wage] replacement rate and a shorter waiting time to benefits receipt . . . significantly increase the likelihood that workers claim LTD. a. Higher disability claim rates when LTD benefits are more favorable may be an instance of moral hazard. Any instance ofmoral hazard…