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- When OPEC raised the price of oil dramatically in the mid-1970s, experts said it was unlikely that the cartel could stay together over the long term-that the incentives for individual members. to cheat would become too strong. More than fort),r years later, OPEC still exists. Why do you think OPEC has been able to beat the odds and continue to collude? Hint: You may wish to consider non-economic reasons.Does each individual in a prisoners dilemma benefit more from cooperation or from pursuing self-interest? Explain briefly.Suppose that the market for e-readers is an oligopoly controlled by Amazon.com , Barnes and Noble,Sony, and Apple. Barnes and Noble is consideringincreasing its output. How would this affect themarket price? How would it affect the profits ofeach company?
- A Prisoner's Dilemma Game produces a second-best solution because:A All of the aboveB This game only applies to monopoliesC It is a cooperative game and firms refuse to stick to the agreementD If its a non-cooperative game and it is illegal for firms to colludeSuppose Clomper's is a monopolst that manuractures and sels stampen, an extremely trendy shoe brand with na close substutes. The followng graph shows the market demand and marginal revenue ( MR ) ourves Clomper's taces, as wall as ins marginal cost ( MC ) , which is constant at $ 3 0 per pair of Stompers. For simplicty, assume that hxed costs are equal to zero; this, combined wah the fact that Clampers marginal cost is constant, means that its marginal cost curve is also equal to the average total cost ( ATC ) ourve. Trs , suppose that Compers camnct price discriminate. That is , it must darpe each consumer the same price for Stompers regardess of the consumer's wilingness and ability to pay. symod ) to shade une pronc, une green pants ( crange symbol ) to shade che consumer surpus, and the black points ( pius symood ) to shade the Suppope now that Clomper's is able to pertecty prico discriminate - that is , it knows cach corsumer's willingness to pay for a pair ar…Y5 The new food delivery company DoorDash is thinking of entering New Zealand. Its rivalry is the existing UBER Eats. Both these companies simultaneously choose whether to operate in January, February, March, or April, or not to operate at all. Thus the strategy set for both these companies is {January, February, March, April, or Not to Operate}. Assume that the profit received by a monopolist in month m (where a monopoly means only one company is operating) is 10 x m – 15, whereas each duopolist (so both are operating) would earn 4 x m – 15. A company makes zero profit for any month that is not operating. Also, the value of m while calculating the profits for a particular month in the above equations is as follows {January = 1, February = 2, March = 3, April = 4}. The payoffs of the strategic form of this game are the sum of the profit of all the months. For example, if DoorDash operates in February and UBER Eats in March, then DoorDash earns zero profit in January; 5 (=10 x 2 - 15)…
- For each of the fo llowing characteristics, say whetherit descriOOs a monopoly firm, a monopolisticallycompetitive lirm, both, or neither.a. laces a downward ..sloping demand cut\'eb. has marginal revenue Jess than pricec. laces the entry ol new firms selling: similarproductsd. earns economic profit in the long: rune. equat~ marginal revenue and marginal costf. produces the socially efficient quantity of outputSuppose three Cournot competitors, each with costs Ci = 30qi, face an inverse market demand curve of P = 480 – 4Q. Suppose merging will not change costs. a. Find profits for the three firms. Note: Don’t round your answers. How will the profits change for F1 and for F2|3 if F2 and F3 merge? b. Suppose that after the merger occurs, F1 and the new firm F2|3 successfully collude at setting the monopoly price and output, and splitting the resulting monopoly profits. How, if at all, does this change the impact of the merger on F1 and on the merged firm?(a)Suppose that the two firms collude and set prices to maximize their joint profits instead of playing the Nash equilibrium. Suppose that the locations are symmetrically locates at a and 1−a. What prices would the firm set if it acts like a monopolist ? (b) If the firm colludes, where will it locate its two establishments?
- Two firms dominate the market for surgical sutures and competeaggressively with respect to research and development. The followingpayoff table depicts the profit implications of their different R&Dstrategies.a. Suppose that no communication is possible between the firms; eachmust choose its R&D strategy independently of the other. Whatactions will the firms take, and what is the outcome?b. If the firms can communicate before setting their R&D strategies,what outcome will occur? Explain.Firm B’s R&D SpendingLow Medium HighLow 8, 11 6, 12 5, 14Firm A’s R&D Medium 12, 9 8, 10 6, 8 SpendingHigh 11, 6 10, 8 4, 62. The market for dark chocolate us characterized by Cournot duopolists - Honeydukes and Wonka industries. The market demand for dark chocolate is:P = 8 - 0.005Qdwhere P is the price per bar in dollars and Qd is dark chocolate's daily quantity demanded in bars (use qh to represent the quantity of dark chocolate sold by Honeydukes and qw to represent the quantity of dark chocolate sold by Wonka Industries). Honeydukes has a constant marginal cost of $2.50 per bar, while Wonka Industries has a constant marginal cost of $3.00 per bar. The firms move simultaneously in choosing their profit-maximizing quantity of output.a. Given the firms move simultaneously, what is the equation for Honeydukes' reaction function with qh expressed as a function of qw?b. Given the firms move simultaneously, what is the equation for Wonka's reaction function with qw expressed as a function of qh?c. What quantity of dark chocolate will each firm produce in equilibrium and what price will be established for a…Assume that two companies (A and B) are duopolists who produce identical products. Demand for the products is given by the following linear demand function:P = 200 - QA - QBwhere QA and QB are the quantities sold by the respective firms and P is the sellingprice. Total cost functions for the two companies areTCA = 1500 + 55QA + Q2ATCB = 1200 + 20QB + 2Q2BAssume that the firms act independently as in the Cournot model (i.e., each firmassumes that the other firm’s output will not change).a. Determine the long-run equilibrium output and selling price for each firm.b. Determine Firm A, Firm B, and total industry profits at the equilibrium solutionfound in Part (a).