Define the sequence of events for processing and presentingantigens from both intracellular (endogenous) and extracellular(exogenous) pathogens.

Q: Provide a clear and detailed description of how the disease results from a disruption of a…

A: Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder which is caused due to the mutation in the cystic…

Q: Discuss the mechanism of autoimmune disorders.

A: The immune system comprises B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, platelets, antigen-presenting cells, and…

Q: Describe the barriers to entry that keep pathogens out of the body.

A: The immune system protects the body from worms, germs, and different agents of which get damage the…

Q: Explain the mechanisms that may be responsible for autoimmune diseases.

A: Autoimmune diseases refer to the diseases that occur due to the inability of the immune system to…

Q: Explain several ways in which true pathogens differ from opportunisticpathogens.

A: True or primary fungal pathogens are those species that can invade and grow in a healthy…

Q: Describe the clinical stages of infection

A: Clinical infections are the diseases caused by the microbes such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and…

Q: Describe the factors determining host resistance.

A: Host resistance can be defined as the ability of a host to decrease the action of the pathogen on…

Q: The skin and bodily secretions provide the first line of defense against infection. One response in…

A: Skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system that covers the body and provides three main…

Q: List examples of physical and chemical barriers toinfection.

A: The innate immune system has various first line barriers to prevent infections. These are in place…

Q: What are the signs of the pathogens? Define and give examples.

A: Pathogens:- Pathogens are microorganisms that have the potential to cause infectious diseases.…

Q: Explain the two main features that characterize the third line of host defense mechanisms.

A: Introduction: The immune system is a complex network of immune cells and proteins that work together…

Q: Distinguish between a primary response and a secondary response to infection.

A: The immune system is responsible for keeping the body away from the infection.

Q: How are etiology and pathogenesis used to predict clinical manifestations and response to therapy?

A: Etiology refers to the study of the reasons or cause of the disease for a particular phenomenon…

Q: Discuss the definition, classification and variety of tumour-derived antigens

A: The cell division process in humans significantly regulates cell differentiation and proliferation.…

Q: Please explain in detail the pathogenesis of DM Type 1 & 2 and DKA.

A: Pathogenesis of a disease is defined as the crucial events that play an important role in the…

Q: Describe the mode of action of each class of retroviral agent usedto treat infection with HIV.

A: INTRODUCTION: HIV is human immunodeficiency virus is a retrovirus which leads to a disease commonly…

Q: Describe typical, local, and systemic signs of infection.

A: Infection is the multiplication of the microorganisms in the body. There are mainly four types of…

Q: Discuss how a pathogen causes an infection. Include definitions for primary pathogen, opportunistic…

A: Organisms become diseased when a pathogen (disease-causing agent) comes in contact with it and…

Q: Define the different types of graft rejection.

A: Introduction  The immune system of a transplant recipient fights the transplanted organ or tissue…

Q: Describe the reasons of extensive usage of corticosteroids in the treatment of autoimmune diseases…

A: Corticosteroids are the anti inflammatory drugs which lowers the inflammation in the body.…

Q: Identify the major mechanical and chemical defenses that protect internal tissues from microbial…

A: Natural barriers comprise the skin, mucous membranes, tears, earwax, mucus, and stomach…

Q: Differentiate between exogenous and endogenous infections.

A: Infections are caused when a foreign pathogenic organism infects the host and becomes hostile…

Q: Trace the course of a pollen grain through sensitization and provocation in type I allergies.…

A: Pollen grains are the male gametes produced from anthers. These pollen grains are minute and…

Q: Describe the molecules or structures that facilitate pathogenadherence to host tissues.

A: The cell surface receptor or appendages that are known to favor the attachment of bacteria to the…

Q: Explain several ways that true pathogens differ from opportunistic pathogens.

A: Organisms which causes disease are referred to as pathogens. They are of five main types- Viruses,…

Q: Describe the mechanisms by which circulating phagocytic cellsare recruited to a site of infection.

A: Phagocytosis is a process by which the cell engulfs the antigen by using its plasma membrane.

Q: Define an autoimmune disease, and explain howthe causative mechanism differs from a normaldefense.

A: Autoimmunity is defined as the inability of the body to distinguish between self and non-self. This…

Q: Define the term “mode of transmission” and the types involved.

A: The "mode of transmission"  is the route or course of transfer by which the infectious…

Q: Describe the potential problems that would arise if a personhad an acquired inability to phagocytose…

A: Immunity can be defined as the ability of the organism to resist against infections or diseases by…

Q: Describe several features of the recognition system of host defenses.

A: A complex network of proteins and cells that defends the body against infection is known as immune…

Q: Identify adaptations that have contributed to pathogen success.

A: Introduction :- Plant and animal diseases can be infectious or non-infectious. We'll concentrate on…

Q: Explain innate Immunity and Fungal Infection.

A: Introduction :- Immunity refers to a multicellular organism's ability to resist dangerous pathogens.…

Q: Given that every client cannot be fully screened forinfections, what precautions are essential to…

A: Infection is the common problem in hospitals. Infection can be defined as the condition in which the…

Q: Explain  the causes and risk factors of Aids to include  a comparison  of the modes of transmission…

A: LIST OF BODY FLUIDS BLOODSEMEN RECTAL FLUIDSVAGINAL FLUIDSBREAST MILK CAUSES AND RISK FACTOR OF AIDS…

Q: Identify the classification of host Defenses.

A: Introduction  We are surrounded by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungus etc. Every…

Q: List the systemic responses to infection or injury and the mediators responsible for them?

A: The systemic responses to injury or trauma are divided into cardiovascular, immunological, and…

Q: Identify patients most at risk for infection ?

A: A disease is a specific aberrant condition that affects the structure or function of all or part of…

Q: Why is the development of recurrent or unusual infections the clinical hallmark of immunodeficiency?

A: Introduction :- The immune system's components, such as lymphocytes, phagocytes, and the complement…

Q: Would creating vaccines and using plasma antibodies be affective  in  treating Coronavirus?

A: Basically, Plasma therapy is a medical procedure that uses the blood of a recovered patient to…

Q: Describe several specific adhesins by which bacterial pathogens attach to host cells

A: Introduction:  Adhesins are the cell surface appendages or components of bacteria that provide…

Q: Discuss an Infection? Give examples

A: In the body invasion of germs and the growth of germs is known as infection. There are different…

Q: Briefly describe how antigenic shifts occur and can lead to the generation of pandemic influenza…

A: It is a common viral infection that can be deadly especially in high risk groups. It attacks the…

Q: Identify the mechanism used by phagocytes to inducepathogen killing.

A: Immune system protects the body against infection. It is a complex network of cells and proteins.…

Q: Define the meaning of nosocomial infection and explain three potential exogenous sources

A: Nosocomial infections are also termed as hostipal-acquired infections. These are those infections…

Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.