Describe the major anatomical and biochemical barriers to infection?
Q: How may the “immunologically privileged” status of the immune system play a role in latent…
A: Some microbes can remain inactive in the host bodies. They hide from the host immune system. For…
Q: Explain the Action of the complement system against abacterium ?
A: Complement is a complex protein network of plasma and an integral part of the innate immune system.…
Q: What are the steps in a lysogenic infection?
A: The lysogenic cycle is the process through which a virus replicated its DNA by using a host cell.…
Q: "Discuss routes used by disease organism to enter the body?"
A: Disease organisms include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and worms. They cause infectious…
Q: What is the expected result if a compromised person is exposed to a true pathogen?
A: The term 'immuno-compromised' refers to the condition of an individual whose immune defenses are…
Q: Describe the clinical stages of infection
A: Clinical infections are the diseases caused by the microbes such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and…
Q: Describe how the skin and mucus membranes help to prevent infection
A: The skin forms the largest organ in the body of an organism. It has the area of approximately 20…
Q: Distinguish between a primary response and a secondary response to infection.
A: The immune system is responsible for keeping the body away from the infection.
Q: Describe the role of non-specific macrophages in preventing infection
A: The immune system of the body protects the organisms from the harmful pathogen. Pathogens are the…
Q: What is meant by an opportunistic pathogen?
A: A pathogen is a disease-causing organism. Microbes are found in abundance in the body. These…
Q: describe the external barriers to infection, including how they function and why they are…
A: Innate immune system responds to the infection by activating the first line of defense that includes…
Q: Explain how antibiotics work to rid the body of infection.
A: Antibiotics are the drugs used to the cells. It can be antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial and…
Q: Describe the four general mechanisms by which microorganisms cause disease.
A: Microorganisms are defined as the small organisms that can not visible with naked eye. microorganism…
Q: How does acute inflammation protect against infection?
A: Inflammation refers to the physiologic response to an injury or a disease. It is characterized by…
Q: Explain the steps in the alternative complement pathway at a single site.
A: Complement is a component of the innate immune system that plays a role in leukocyte opsonization,…
Q: Why are emboli dangerous?
A: Introduction Platelets are also referred to as thrombocytes; they are cytoplasmic fragments that…
Q: Describe some factors that weaken host defenses and increase susceptibility to infection.
A: Introduction We are surrounded by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungus etc. Every…
Q: Describe the properties of nonviral infectious particles.
A: The viruses are considered to be non-living when they are out of the host as they lack cellular…
Q: At what body sites do pathogens typically attach and colonize?
A: Microorganisms or microbes are microscopic organisms that exist as unicellular, multicellular, or…
Q: What are three mechanisms pathogens use to block the immune system?
A: Introduction The body's defence against infection is provided by the immune system, a vast network…
Q: Differentiate between exogenous and endogenous infections.
A: Infections are caused when a foreign pathogenic organism infects the host and becomes hostile…
Q: Describe a scenario in which microorganisms invadebody tissues. What factors allow for the migration…
A: Microorganisms are present everywhere in the environment. The body remains protected from these…
Q: Why do certain drugs become immunogenic to the host?
A: Introduction :- Immunogenicity, which is defined as a cell or tissue's capacity to elicit an immune…
Q: Identify the molecular mediators of inflammation and fever anddefine their individual roles
A: Introduction: Substances that possess the ability to initiate and control the inflammatory reactions…
Q: Explain the term pathogens.
A: Immune system may be defined as one of the important system of the body that helps an individual to…
Q: Explain the role of ' resident flora' in preventing infection and as source of infection
A: Resident flora are permanent residents of body sites especially the skin, oropharynx, colon, and…
Q: Give an example of preventing infection for each element of the infection chain ?
A: Infection It is the process of interaction that occurs between pathogens and susceptible host. There…
Q: Define the term “mode of transmission” and the types involved.
A: The "mode of transmission" is the route or course of transfer by which the infectious…
Q: Identify adaptations that have contributed to pathogen success.
A: Introduction :- Plant and animal diseases can be infectious or non-infectious. We'll concentrate on…
Q: Describe how antiviral agents act against infection.
A: A drug is any chemical substance that alters the physiology or psychology of an organism when eaten.…
Q: What conditions compromise host defenses against microorganisms?
A: The term "human microbiome" refers to the complex biological system of microbes that resides in and…
Q: Identify the classification of host Defenses.
A: Introduction We are surrounded by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungus etc. Every…
Q: The difference between direct and indirect contact infection? Example
A: Infection is defined as the process of causing harm or disease within the body by the invasion of…
Q: Identify patients most at risk for infection ?
A: A disease is a specific aberrant condition that affects the structure or function of all or part of…
Q: How does a latent infection differ from a chronic infection?
A: When a microorganism invades and multiplies inside the body of its host, then it is termed an…
Q: What are pathogens?
A: Communicable diseases or infectious diseases are the one which gets spread from one individual to…
Q: How are antivenomsproduced? Why areantivenoms an example ofpassive immunization?
A: Antivenoms are substances which are used to counteract venomous substances from other organisms to…
Q: Why is the development of recurrent or unusual infections the clinical hallmark of immunodeficiency?
A: Introduction :- The immune system's components, such as lymphocytes, phagocytes, and the complement…
Q: Describe several specific adhesins by which bacterial pathogens attach to host cells
A: Introduction: Adhesins are the cell surface appendages or components of bacteria that provide…
Q: Define infectious dose, and explain its role in establishing infection.
A: Infections are a result of infectious doses. Organisms that spread these infections are known as…
Q: Define the sequence of events for processing and presentingantigens from both intracellular…
A: An antigen is a foreign protein, which is recognized by our immune cells.
Q: What major events occur during an inflammatory reaction, and how do they contribute to pathogen…
A: The inflammatory response, or inflammation, is initiated by a cascade of chemical mediators and…
Describe the major anatomical and biochemical barriers to infection?
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